South-Western American (Austin, Tex.), Vol. 3, No. 49, Ed. 1, Wednesday, May 19, 1852 Page: 2 of 3
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tHE SOUTH WESTERN A52ERCAN.
DIE 0BQA & J3 !FlrllFifllTig.
TERMS
IfTrl-Vcctty furnished 1o Subscribers duriug the Session in place of Weekly.)
SUBSCRIPTION Three Dollais per annum payable invariably in ad-
vance. Fifty-two numbers to constitute a years subscription.
(p- Monies enclosed for subscription in the piesence of any postmas-
ter ipav be remitted at our expense and risk.
ADVERTISEMENTS Will be insulted at the rate of one dollar per
square for the first and fifty cents for each subsequent insertion. Seven
Jines or less constitute a squaie.
A liberal discount will be made to those who advertise by the year.
Announcements of Candidates for olliee will be charged for at the
.same rate as advertisements.
Political Circulars and all communications of a private or personal na-
ture will be charged at the same rate as advertisements.
No communication or advertisement of an abusive r-haracter will be
iiserted in our coluiuus on any terms.
' fp- All advertisements net marked with the length of time desired
for publication will be inserted until they are ordered to be discontinued
and charged accordingly.
All advertisements the publication of which is required by law must
be paid for before the' certilicato of publication is given.
AGEXTS FOR THE SOUTIMVESTEDX AMERICAN :
The receipts of the following gentlemen will bo valid:
J. L- Trueiiakt. San Antonio.
jCai". Murcmson Comal Town.
Jams Nicholson Bastrop.
-Capt. Gould Washington.
jR. M. Hanna Ralston's Ferry.
C. B. Stewart Montgomery.
W. H. Burney Waco Village.
R. D. Johnson Galveston.
M. Seei.icson
Samuel MiiLErr New Braunfels
F. Chenault Gonzales.
Dn. Merriman San Marcos.
S. W. Kellog Wheolock. Rob'n co.
W. R. Baker Houston.
Maj. Howlett Caldwell.
F. A. Hill Cameron.
A. H. Bean New York City.
E. Crozett Philadelphia.
ISO TICS.
THE Publishers of the South-Western American respectfully fequest
that all'parties who may be indebted to (he establishment for subscrip-
tion advertising or job printing will be kind enough to come forward and
settle their accounts.
There is a very large amount due and though in small sums by each
part' coming forward with their money the publishers would soon find
themselves relieved.
If our patrons would only think of the fact that every article which
a printer uses is considered in the market as "cash articles-" they will see
the necessity of complying with our request.
THE SOUTH WESTERN AMJltlHT.
P. DC C'OltDOVA EDITOR.
CITY OF AUSTIN WEDNESDAY MAY 19 1852
-NOMINEES OF THE
TEXAS DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION.
For President.
GEN. SAM. HOUSTON
-: Subject to the confirmation of the Democratic National Convention.
-LEMUEL D. EVANS.
GEO. W.SMYTH
Presidential Electors.
Vistiict Electors.
GUY M. BRYAN.
R.S. NEIGHBORS
We are authorized to annouce JAMES B. SHAW Esq. as a
Candidate for rc-clcction to the Office of Controller at the election
in August 1S52.
We are authorized to aunounco the name of JAMES H. RAY-
MOND Esq. as a Candidate for re-election to the office of Treas-
:ircr at the election in August 1S52.
"We are authorized to announce the name of THOMAS J. JEN-
NINGS as a Candidate for the office of Attorney General for the
. State at the ensuing August election.
t&'Wc are authorized to announce the Hon. A. T. HAMILTON
.of Travis County as a Candidate for Attorney General of the State
at the ensuing election.
6F"Wejire authorized to announce Alexander II. Chalmers Esq.
.as a Candidate for District Attorney for the Second Judicial District
election in August 1852.
V. B. PALMER of New York is our authorized Agent to transact
business for the American in throughout the eastern cties.
CORRECTION. In reporting sale of "U. S. 5 per cent stock in our last
week's impression we erroneously gave 4 1-4 per cent premium instead
of 4 3-4 per cent. Sales over SC0.000 in all have been made here at the
latter rate.
MORE OF HARRIS & MORGAN'S ENTERPRIZE. The New Or-
-leans mail by schedule is due here when it arrives at Galveston in due
v .time on Friday or Saturday evening as the case may be. The stages on
Friday and Sunday arrived with the Galveston mail only owing to the
non-arrival of the boats belonging to those very enterprising friends of
lexas Hams & Morgan.
.REPUDIATION OF THE WHIGS. The whigs of Western Texas
'have redudiated their late leaders Messrs. Bates and Love. Neither of
-.these gentlemen being nominated by their county to attend the late con-
tention at Houston ; and as they could not go officially they did not at-
tend although report says at least one of the parlies threatened to be
there." The report prevalent- in Galveston among the party is that
; Messrs. Bates and Love have done with politics Query has not politics
denewith them. -
- - "" THE WHIG CONVENTION for Western Texas have nominated the
Hon. J. B. Ash for elector of the Stale at large and Col. Jas. Riley dis-
trict elector for the western district and as delegates to the National Con-
vention J. B. Ash Jas. Reily Albert Ball J. Dickenson S. S. Nichols L.
A. Bryan. With these gentlemen we have no fault to find except as
our friend-of the Civilian says for their whiggery; but we confess that
V the whigs deserve credit for their selection these gentlemen will do the
State credit. Texas in the uext national whig convention will take a de-
cided stand for talent and how much more to her credit will she appear
than at the last conveution when some ten or fifteen men at Galveston
requested Mr. Peters to represent the Stale a more unauthorized assump-
tion or one showing more arrogance and insolence we have never heard
o The whigs however of.Texas have shown that they neither approved
nor sanctioned the proceedings for not one of the parties concerned in that
nefarious transaction have been allowed to take part in the late proceed-
ings. .
IMPEACHMENT OF JUDGE WATROUS. A friend at Washington
writes us by last mail that this matter is proceeding in a way satisfactory
to the lovers of justice. The gartialities as well as the corruption of the
.federal judge are being spread out before the sub-committee of which
Mr. Vcnable is chairman in so plain a manner that several members of
-Congress have expressed their wonder that things have been" allowed to
go on for the length of time they have without an appeal to Congress.
The grave charge of "altering the jaeord to suit the wishes of two of
his pet counsels" has been proved by the oaths of two respectable wit-
nesses and this gives the judge considerable uneasiness. When the wit-
nesses from this State have been examined and we know that several in-
tend to answer the summons issued by the committee and the whole mat-
ter of dealing in fraudulent certificates becomes fully developed as well
as the fact of certain opinions b'eing given as counsel as late as the 26th
of August three months after his appointment as judge of the court where
the matter would have to be tried is shown to the committee we shall
speedily get rid of Judge Watrous and the rest of the clique of harpies
who with himself have fattened on the spoils of the federal court
We. are also informed that it is endeavored by the judge to create a
leeling among the whig members of Congress that this attempt to rid the
judiciary of Judge Watrous is a'democratic persecution of a whig judge.
What do the whigs of Texas say to this dodge 1
SUBSTITUTE FOR NEGRO LABOR.
An article with this head taken from the Boston Weekly Courier will be
found in another part of our present impression. Let us point to the Brit-
ish West Indies as an answer to the new proposition. Having some
knowledge of the different sort of substitutes for slave labor that has been
attempted since that glorious piece of humbuggery called the Emancipa-
tion Act was passed by the English Government we state that none has
been found: and further we believe none ever will be until some other
Awkright comes into the world and applies to agriculture what he did to
manufactures.
As well as we can recollect the following was the order of improve-
ments adopted after the emancipation act was recognized by the Colonial
Assembly of Jamaica :
First there were some hundreds of German Irish and Scotch laborers
imported at the joint expense of the proprietors and thelsland govern-
ment; whether these men could have stood the heat of the sun in the
cultivation of the cane which is in reality the hardest of all agricultural
employments was not ascertained for men and women both together
could not stand the temptation of new rum; the consequence was that in
a few weeks death and disease had thinned their ranks and reduced their
.numbers to a meie handful who eked out a short life by joining the po
lice force. '
The next experiment was the encouragement of free immigration from
the coast of Africa of the Kroomen and other tribes residing near Siera
Leon.
This might have answered as a substitute for slave labor if the Home
Government had not interfered with so many vexatious and unnecessary
rules and 'regulations the principal one of which limiting all contracts for
labor first to two years continuance and then afterwards if we mistake
not limiting it to contracts for one year only. The colonists however had
to give it up owing to this cause principally. The term of labor secured
did not pay for the leaching.
The next experiment that was tried was the importation of Coolies from
the East Indies. This was decidedly the worst step of all. Small and
lightly made the Coolies were unable to stand the hard work of the sun-ar
estate ; independent of which the agents selected for the purpose of pro
curing emigrants picked up all the worthless lazy and idle vagrants
around -Calcutta an'! other largo towns and shipped them out as first class
agricultural emigrants.
The consequence of this policy soon shewed itself in the cities and
towns j they became crowded with beggars thieves and Jazaroni. The
few abled bodied men and women among the lot were found utterly uu-
oole to stand the work: their physical constitution was entirely too weak
and from such-a scene of misery as we witnessed throughout every por-
tion of the Island where these Hill Coolies were quartered we do sincere
ly hope may never be our lot again to witness.
Chinese laborers were also tried in one of the colcnies Demerara we
tliink with about the same success as the Coolie emigration in Jamaica-
their physical constitution had not stamina sufficient for the cultivation of
cane and manufacture of sugar.
The article alluded to says something about Chinese labor answering in
Cuba; we believe anything that has life and hands will do under the
management resorted to in Cuba and if it only costs 8120 per head and
they live two years we have no doubt the Cuban planter will make mon-
e) The custom in Cuba is to have a white overseer to every ten or twen-
ty hands besides drivers and the work is really done by the whip; hence
there is more severe flogging on one large estate during one week than
in all the slave States of the Union in a year. The slave in Cuba has lit-
tle time for rest during the c rop time. The mill never ceases and four
hours rest in the twenty four is the extreme allowed and that rest is onlv
allowed while locked up in Barracoons. If the cencus of the slaves in
Cuba was taken females would be found to bear the ratio of about ten in
a. Hundred it the same system is pursued towards the Chinese they 'will
be a cheaper sort of slaves to import for negroes which are constantly
being run in fiom tiic coast of Africa and for which the Governor General
receives a fee of three ounces cost considerable more than four times the
proposed expenses to introduce Chinese: and yet with this very high price
me uuuans say mat it is cheaper to buy negroes than to raise them.
It is our experience that there is no sort of labor that can be introduced
to supersede slavery. -So long as the staples of the South are sugar rice
and cotton just so long will slavery exist. Though slaves we have no hes-
itation in saying that a happier people exists not on the face of God's
earth. What do people that prate about slavurv know of thn incKtiiKnn i
ss than nothing; but they prate about the ills of it and its immoralilv
because it is JtSSTjecome fashionable and in the north it is held as a spe-
cies of philanthropy to abuse the institution. Our slaves are not only bet
ter oil than the free negroes in the north but in reality enjoy more of the
luxuries and comforts of civilization than do a great portion of our poor
white northern brethren. We speak advisedly on this subject. We have
seen the poor white men and the free negroes of the north the slaves the
apprentices and the free blacks of the West Indies and we doubt if our
slaves would not alter being a year with either as free men. gladly return
to their masters.
illiscd latin.
lr
A TEMPEST TTVJ A TEi.unT nuTPDC) rnr n vv a
"""' " - - UUIJU1"-i
MASS MEETING WRATHY DENUNCIATIONS MOD-1
uSRN SOLONS. The Galveston Civilian contains the proceedings
lof a mass meeting of the citizens of Limestone and the adjoining
counties. " Tawaccany " Boyd presided and J. P. Philpot acted as
secretary a string ot denunciatory resolutions as Ions as the 101st
psalm were passed full of wrath and gas. The law is declared
by these modern solons to be unconstitutional ; the legislature is ac
cused of imbecility and of being actuated by corruption but for the'
love they (the meeting) have heretofore reposed in their immediate
representatives they refrain from stronger disapprobation than say-j
ng " Why have ye done this J J "
What the numerical strength of this meeting was does not appear.
Who were the moving strings is not hard to guess at. The meeting
ias set forth their ultimatum which is for a call session to rectify the.
KsvilsTJ P
JNone have suffered by this law more than ourselves and however
onerous it is to bear losses still we believe that the legislature has
not exceeded their constitutional limits in passing a law which does
not affect the parties who composed the meeting any further than the
decisions of the Supreme Court in the Galveston Island case ; and as
that decision has met the approbation of scven-eigth of the community
we believe the majority of th'e citizens will observe the law notwith-
standing the gas expended by some of the citizens of Limestone co.
who wo hope iu ajl charity feel considerably better since they have
been relieved.
However we may as well tell the gentlemen that as there will not
bo an extra session of the Legislature they will have ample time to
generate a little more hydrogen before the next regular session.
PREMATURE BURIAL. The Albany Register in the course of an
article on this subject relates the following instance of which the editor
was perfectly cognizant :
Some years ago we were perfectly cognizant to an occurrence of this
kind which was of the most heart-rending character. The wife of a
gentleman was taken suddenly ill in church and was carried to her home
in a state of syncope. In a few hours she partially recovered bat imme-
diately relapsed and never again showed anv signs of consciousness. She
lay in this condition nearly two days baffling the skill of the physicians
and then it was thought and as there was almost every reason to believe
died. No signs of breathing could be detected the limbs became rigid
and cold and the eyes remained open with the fked glassy state of death ;
but there was no change in the color of the shin.
This was the only reason in the world for supposing that dissolution
had not taken place. The poor bereaved husband almost frantic at the
loss of the young and beautiful wife whom he almost idolized clung with
desperation to the hope limed in her face and long resisted the unanimous
decision of the physicians thpt she was certainly dead. They told Jam
what is doubtless true that it sometimes though very rarely happens that
there is no discoloration for days and even weeks after dissolution had ta-
ken place. But still he resisted nd it was not until three days had
passed without the faintest signal of change or sign of life that fie finally
gave up and suflered the burial to take place. She was entomed m a
vault. Months passed. A cemetry having been laid out the husband
purchased and beautified a lot erected an elegant monument in it and
when all was read- superintended th'e removal of the body of his wife
from the vault to its final resting place. AVhen the vault was opened ho
remembered the circumstances ol her death above detailed and a desire
suddenly seized him to once more behold the corpse. By his direction
the coffin lid was removed. The spectacle which presented itself was
inconceivably horrible for it showed that she had been buncd alive. She
had turned quite over upon her side she had clutched her nails into the
nnfTin nnin l.nr finn-nr? Urn hct. nortions of her rrave clothes were torn
and in her horrible0 sttmrirles she had contrived to carry her hand to her
head and had plucked from it a mass of hair with portions of the cap that
covered it!
The poor man never recovered from the shock of that awfuf spectacle.
He was borne away senseless and for the rest of bis weary life was an
utterly broken and miserable being.
Mahohmf.dan Mode of Dunning. In civilized countries the collec-
tion of '-bad dabts" is attended with considerable difficulty. The Me-
hommedans however have a method of managing a reluctant creditor
which is at once simple and efficacious. It is thus described by a recent
traveler: '-Mcetinff a person in any spot to whom you wish to apply the
Ichalt. ycu exclaim" The Suitan detains you here.' He instantly stands
still ;' and. witnont bond cr guard remams'there until delivered. The khatt
u presented for slight faults and for debt. When a creditor has several
limes met his debtor and asked for his due and the debtor while recog-
nizing the debt puts on" payment the creditor can at discretion stop his
man"inake him' sit down and then with the point nf his lance he traces-
on the ground a circular line saying '-In the name of Allah and the
Prophet ! in the name of the Sultan and the mother of the Sulfan! in the
name of the term (a particular office) supporters of the state thou shalL
not leave this circle until thou hast paid thy debt.' The debtor is obliged
to remain enclosed and sitting in his khatt until some one intercedes with
the creditor and he consents to release the prisoner. If the creditor re-
mains iii his khatt nntil he pays his debt. If breaking the bounds he
crosses the line and the creditor complains to the Sultan the fugitive is
pursued taken 'wherever he is found and severely punished"
THE MELON. The Melon has been cultivated for centuries. It is a
native of Persia and draws its rich and luscious juices from her barren
sands. To have the melon here in perfection it must be grown in a sandy
soil. New land fresh from the woods suits them best. A piece of new
land that has been trod by cattle will produce the water-melon of mon-
strous size. All melons to be kept pure should not be planted iu the im-
mediate vicinity of squashes cucumbers or gourds as the seed saved from
those raised in close proximity will produce melons partaking of the pol-
len producing its varitios but rendering all worthless causing the melon
to be insipid the cucumber to be overgrown and hallow the squash to be
watery and the gourd shell soft. Water and musk melons may be planted
from the middlcof March through April. Plant water-melons ten feet
apart each way some eight or ten seeds to a hill. Musk-melons may be
planted in the same manner. The nutmeg or citron musk melon is the
finest variety cultivated. When grown in perfection it combines the
flavor of the strawberry and the pine apple; but this variety should not be
grown iu the vicinity of any other melon. To save seed select the ear-
liest and best melons dry the seed in the shade and put them away in
apper bags. Water-melon seed improve with age and may be kept tea
years to advantage.
Swiss Ridicule of the Pkince President. A new Swiss question
also engages public attention. It appears that the people of B.isle in their
carnival frolics exhibited a still more shocking irreverence for the Prince
President of the French-republic than the burghers of Ghent have done.
A monkey dressed up in a general's uniform with a large nose and black
moustachios was paraded through the streets to represent Louis Napoleon
escorted by an immense concourse of people ornamented with asses' ears.
These followers were supposed to be French citizens. The crowd sang
republican songs into which couplets turning the President into ridicule
were introduced forthe occasion. Some officers of the cavalry in garrison
at Hunnigue proposed to get horse whips to chastise the insolence of the
revellers but they were advised that it would not be prudent and they re-
frained. What makes the matterworse is that the whole affair was known
and arranged a week before 'hand and the police of Balse carefully ab-
stained from interfering. Satisfaction hasTbeen demanded by the French
Government
Tried to Blow Hlmself Up. A Frenchman resident in London re
cently conceived an entirely new style of self-destruction. He first
bought an egg in the market extracted its contents (by '-suction v) and
filled the shell with about three ounces of gunpowder. Then going into a
very crowded thoroughfare we presume to give eclat to his enterprise he
placed the"infernal machiue in his mouth and "touched it off" with a
match. Instead however of blowing his head to atoms the powder
when ignited merely poured forth a stream of fire and smoke from the
aperture of the shell but without doing any serious harm to the man.
The astonishment of the passers-by at beholding a human mouth sudden-
ly become the crater of an active volcano may be imagined. The disap-
pointed man was taken into custody by the police and conveyed to the
hospital.
Marriage at a Fanct Ball. A fancy dress ball was given at Syra-
cuse on the evening of the 8th instant when among other incidents ot'the
evening the following is related by the Syracuse Standard: '-Amongthe
most pleasing incidents of the evening was the marriage by Justice John-
son ot Mr. James Doran who appearedjn the brilliant comtume of a knight
of Malta in which he appeared to good advantage to Miss Bartletf a
dark-eyed beauty who was elegantly attired in the dress of a Greek irl.
The audience were-requested to preser -e order'for a few moments and to
the surprise of most of those present the young handsome and elegantly
attired bride and bridegroom stepped to the middle of the floor and the
marriage ceremony was performed in the midst of a gay and brilliant ar-
ray of representatives from every quarter of the globe. After the justice
had pronounced them ' husband and wife' he retired from the room and
the dance went on ' merrily as the marriage bells.' " N. Y. Herald.
Speaking of the case of Outlaw who brutally murdered his wife in
Wilcox county Ala. near two years ago the Camden Phoenix of the 12th
inst. says : " This case was brought up on Wednesday last. A board of
physicians previously appointed reported after a minute and careful ex
amination that the prisoner was insane and totally unfit to be placed up-
on triaL By motion he was admitted to bail; bonds to the amount of
S5000 are required for his appearance at the next term of the court here.
In the interim he will be safely confined.
A. J. HAMILTON Eso.. In noticing the candidacy of A.J. Hamilton
- Esq. for the office of Attorney General we should have stated that he'
. has twice been appointed by the Executive to appear for the State when
the present "Attorney General elected by the people" was counsel aaainst
her. In the case of the Galveston Bank we are informed that Mr Ham-
ilton made one of the most powerful and scathing arguments ever heard
within the State and his speech in the Galveston Island case was held
. by all who listened to him as a masterly effort.
We bring these facts to the attention of the public for though we are
opposed to Mr. Hamilton yet veve no desire to do him the slightest in-
justice and a friend has suggested that our last articlomight be so con-
strued by strangers as ioake them believe lhat Mr. Hamilton while
acting as Attorney Genera-appeared against the State as-this would be
as far from the truth as it was our intention to misrepresent we trust that
.none have really so construed our article and however much we may dif-
fer from him on certain questions of policy we are satisfied that he would
.not sacrifice he interest of the Stafp. if thev are entrusted to him.
Great Age. Mrs. Huldah Sparling died in the village of Oswego. N.
N. on the 8th inst. aged one hundred and ten years. The Oswego Ad-
vertiser says : " She was b orn in the town of Walpack New Jersey. She
distinctly recollects the old French war and the circumstances of her
father and mother being driven from their homes and was wounded by
the Indians "
'Intervention.' Dobbssayshe never intervened but once and that
was between an Irishman and his wife while they were exchanrin"-smoothing-irons
and the following is what he got : One broken head 'Your
kicks in the corduroys and the large end of an axe-helve. Since that he
says he has been an uncompromising conservative. We can't say that
we blame him.
An Odd Prescription. An apothecary's boy was lately sent to leave
at one house a box of pills and at another six live fowls. Confused on the
way. he left the pills where the fowls should have gone and the fowls at
the pill place. The folks who received the fowls were astonished at
reading the accompanying directions ' Swallow one every two hours."
If you put two persons to sleep in the samn bf-H-rnnm nno nf -i h
the toothache and the other is m love you will find that the person who
has the toothache will go to sleep first.
A person whistles when he has cold fingers; and he whistles when he
has burnt his fingers; and strange to say when ho has lost his money he
whistles for it also. '
No man is so truly great whatever other titles to eminence he may
I i. "f ter takln an erroaeou3 step he resolves to " tread that
Mr. Jas. Foster ships one hundred 'beeves weekly from Lavaca Bay to
New Orleans. Mr. toster calculates to ship cattle to the value of 40000
during this season. '
The steamship Fanny which formerly- plied between New Orleans and-
the Brazos has been sold at Baltimore for 830000. She isrto be sent to
San Francisco.
r'iT' Bowdon member of the last Congress from the Seventh District
ot Alabama has established himself in the practice of tiiIaw at Tyler.
Smith pminti' Toi-oo - &"lHri ' J '
.;"' "'
Woman Shot. The wife of Michael Catt a resident of Decker town-
ship in Indiana was shot on Monday of last week by her son-in-low a Mr.
Young to whom she approached disguised as an apparition. Mr. Young
had been previously conversing about the spiritual rappings ghosts &c
and it is probable was much excited on supernatural subjects at the time.
Mrs. C in a mood of merriment showed herself to him when he seized
his gun and fired at her. The ball passed through her neck and occa-
sioned death in a short time.
The last Columbia (Tenn.) Herald says that great excitement prevailed
in that place in consequenco of the conduct of Rector Smith principal of
the Female Institute who it was said had been making improper advan-
ces towards one of the resident crraduates. He has Ipft thn inshtnf inn nr.
the place and Bishop Otey has. forthe present assumed the control of the
SCilUUl.
?-.G- Shields formerly a member of Congress from Alabama and late
Minister to enezuela has established himself in Martin Falls county
In Alabama it is an indictable offence to play cards in a 'public place".'
It has been decided in a late case that playing in tho woods out of sight
of a house and off the road is not a " public place."
Hard to Resist. A pile of uncovered doubloons or a pair of rich
ripe lucious naked rose-complexioned lips.
The old gentleman who thought he could teach girls how to make love
is about erecting an academy for the purpose of instructing flea's in the '
art and mystery of jumping.
. Among the new inventions just out in Indiana are India-rubber house
dogs. Whether anybody is ' bit ' by them except the buyers we.ha.ve not
learned.
The man who thinks lie can talk a girl out of love has gone South to
dam the Mississippi with a chip. We shall issue an extra informing
our readers of his success.
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de Cordova, P. South-Western American (Austin, Tex.), Vol. 3, No. 49, Ed. 1, Wednesday, May 19, 1852, newspaper, May 19, 1852; Austin, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth79724/m1/2/?q=Lamar+University: accessed June 9, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu; crediting The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History.