Course 2, Volume 1A. American Foreign Policy in Growth and Action Page: 98
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AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY IN GROWTH AND ACTION
representatives of 44 nations allied in the war
against the axis powers.2
During 1944 planning for a postwar interna-
tional organization went on at an accelerated
pace. The State Department had a planning
group working under the general direction of
Dr. Leo Pasvolsky, of the Brookings Institution.
The British also established a planning staff with
Charles K. Webster, leading diplomatic historian,
in charge. Russian, Chinese, and other national
groups studied possible plans, although not too
much has been revealed as to the nature of early
planning activities in countries in other than the
Anglo-American sphere.
At Breton Woods, New Hampshire, more than
1300 delegates from 44 countries met from July
1 to 22, 1944 as the United Nations Monetary
and Financial Conference to discuss
The plans for international cooperation
Breton Woods in the economic field. The Breton
Financial Woods conference issued two
Conference, lengthy and complicated articles of
1944 agreement on July 22, 1944. One of
these articles provided for the estab-
lishment of an International Bank for Reconstruc-
tion and Development, capitalized at $9,100,000,-
000, of which the United States was to contribute
more than three billions. The second article pro-
vided for an International Monetary Fund to
which the United States would contribute two and
three quarters billions in a total of $8,800,000,000.
This fund would be used to grant loans to help
stabilize national currencies and ease the burdens
of international payments. The large assessments
upon the United States represented recognition of
this country's commanding position in world
economy. However, the remaining member nations
were to contribute in proportion to the World
Bank and the Monetary Fund. The U.S.S.R., for
example, was to subscribe $1,200,000,000 to the
Bank and a like amount to the Fund. The United
Kingdom was assessed $1,300,000,000 for each,
and China $600,000,000 for the Bank, $550,000,-
000 for the Fund.
Foremost in the minds of the planners, of
course, was the nature of the political organiza-
tion which would be necessary over and above
economic, agricultural, relief, and other require-
2 See V. 82 above.ments. When the planning in the
The various countries had reached a stage
Dumbarton at which international discussion
Oaks could profitably take place, the Big
Conference, Four-the United States, the United
1944 Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and
China-sent representatives to Wash-
ington to meet at Dumbarton Oaks, a suburban
estate in Georgetown. These meetings extended
from August 21 to October 7, 1944.
At Dumbarton Oaks, the delegates drafted a
provisional charter for the world organization.
This draft was necessarily incomplete and while
many of its provisions were later incorporated
into the United Nations charter there is no point
here in setting forth the content of the Dum-
barton Oaks proposals in detail. The very deli-
cate subject of voting power in the Security Coun-
cil was not settled at the conference. Both Soviet
Russia and the United States were reluctant to
agree to any procedure which would deny them
the right to veto actions directed against them by
other members of the Council. Other obstacles to
ready agreement also came up at the conference.
Full debate, therefore, was postponed until a later
conference at which all prospective members could
be represented by voting delegates. Nevertheless,
the Dumbarton Oaks meetings accomplished a
great deal by getting down on paper a draft of
the proposed organization which could be studied,
criticized, improved upon, and could furnish a
definite basis for debate at the later sessions.
Enough has been said to demonstrate that no
proposed international organization had been the
subject of so much advance study and planning.
If it was at all possible to construct
Advance a workable and satisfactory world
planning for body, the great nations who would
postwar be responsible for the success of such
organization an organization were determined
is most that no aspect of the preliminary
extensive planning should be neglected. At
recorded Yalta, President Roosevelt worked
out what he believed would be a set-
tlement of the voting question in the assembly
of the proposed organization. By agreeing to
the membership of the Ukrainian and Bye-
lorussian Republics in the Assembly, along with98
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Air University (U.S.). Extension Course Institute. Course 2, Volume 1A. American Foreign Policy in Growth and Action, book, April 1959; Alabama. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1077937/m1/112/?q=%22~1%22~1&rotate=0: accessed July 16, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu.; crediting National WASP WWII Museum.