Course 2, Volume 1A. American Foreign Policy in Growth and Action Page: 181
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THE UNITED STATES STRIVES FOR EUROPEAN UNITY
for wartime destruction of French industries.
The Saar had been united with France by a
monetary union in 1947 and by a customs union
in 1948. It was under French political adminis-
tration but was semiautonomous after January
1948.
With the passing of a decade after World War
II it had become obvious that: (1) the Saar
was a continuously disturbing factor in the rela-
tions of Western Europe; (2) the people of the
Saar almost unanimously wished union with West
Germany; and (3) it would be possible to assure
adequate French compensation from the indus-
tries of the Saar, even though the
The Saar land was returned to political
is returned to union with West Germany. Ac-
Germany cordingly, under favorable diplo-
matic auspices in June 1956, the
Luxembourg agreement was signed between
France and Germany. This provided that the Saar
would be united politically with West Germany
on January 1, 1957, and economically united on
January 1, 1960. For 25 years France was to
mine coal from under the Saar, using pit-heads
in Lorraine, and satisfactory detailed arrange-
ments were made for the other industrial and
economic exchanges due to France.
The long drawn out negotiations for accept-
ance of an Austrian treaty also were successfully
terminated in 1955. As has been noted, Soviet
delaying tactics for years had hampered efforts
to negotiate the Austrian treaty of
Austria independence which had been
becomes drafted in 1949. With Soviet ac-
Independent quiescence the treaty terminating
and neutral the four-power occupation of Aus-
tria was signed in May 1955. Seven-
teen years of occupation by one or another for-
eign power came to an end, and the boundaries
of January 1, 1938 were again recognized as
valid. In return for definite immediate payments
the U.S.S.R., under a separate agreement with
Austria, modified those sections of the treaty
which would have given the Soviet nation cer-
tain enduring economic concessions in Austria.
Austria became a full member of the United Na-
tions in December 1955. Since 1955 Austria,
though neutral, has clearly operated as a nation
that is entirely outside of the Iron Curtain.The Communist world-wide policy shifts back
and forth, from military threats and military
aggression to deliberate Soviet efforts at economic
and cultural competition and then
Free world back again to the military threats.
nations must The free world is coming to realize
maintain that it must counter these threats,
alliances not by a separate individual de-
fense against each threat but by
the strength of a unified, sound, and continuous
program. The free world alliance must be
adapted to the requirements of the necessary
mutual adjustments between nations, and also
to the requirements of constant change in world
affairs. Secretary Dulles clearly stated this con-
cept in his statement to the United States Senate
Foreign Relations Committee.
STATEMENT BY SECRETARY DULLES, WASH-
INGTON, JUNE 6, 1958: THE CHAL-
The United LENGE OF CHANGE: THE BASIC
States PHILOSOPHY, THE RATIONALE,
recognizes WHICH UNDERLIES U. S. FOREIGN
the challenge POLICY.
of change oMr.Chairman: My associates in charge
of regional and economic affairs have
made detailed expositions of United States foreign policy
in relation to particular subjects. I shall present the
basic philosophy, the rationale, which underlies those
policies.
I. Our Basic Goals
United States foreign policy is designed to protect
and promote the interests of the United States in the
international field. It is based upon certain facts and
convictions:
(a) That the peoples of the world universally desire
the elimination of war and the establishment of a
just peace;
(b) That the designs of aggressive Communist im-
perialism pose a continuous threat to every nation of
the free world, including our own;
(c) That the security of this nation can be maintained
only by the spiritual, economic, and military strength
of the free world, with this nation a powerful partner
committed to this purpose;
(d) That change is the law of life, for nations as well
as for men, and that no political, economic, or social
system survives unless it proves its continuing worth in
the face of ever-changing circumstances;
(e) That the effectiveness of our collective-security
measures depends upon the economic advancement of
the less developed parts of the free world, which
strengthens their purpose and ability to sustain their
independence;
(f) That in all international associations and combina-
tions within the free world, of which the United States181
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Air University (U.S.). Extension Course Institute. Course 2, Volume 1A. American Foreign Policy in Growth and Action, book, April 1959; Alabama. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1077937/m1/195/?q=%22~1%22~1: accessed July 16, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu.; crediting National WASP WWII Museum.