Course 2, Volume 1A. American Foreign Policy in Growth and Action Page: 185
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THE UNITED STATES COMBATS COMMUNISM IN THE FAR EAST
nese that ultra-nationalistic and militaristic organiza-
tions and movements will not be permitted to hide
behind the cloak of religion. . . . Democratic politi-
cal parties . . . shall be encouraged. Laws . . . which
establish discriminations . . . shall be abrogated. . . .
The existing economic basis of Japanese military
strength must be destroyed and not be permitted to
revive. . . . Japan will be expected to provide goods
and services to meet the needs of the occupying
forces. . . . Japan shall be permitted eventually to
resume normal trade relations with the rest of the
world....
This initial policy statement was buttressed by
a basic post-surrender policy directive sent to
General MacArthur on November 1,
General 1945 by the American government.
MacArthur The directive elaborated on many
administers of the points laid down in the Sep-
occupation tember statement, but did not
policies materially change its provisions.
General MacArthur proceeded to
set up occupation headquarters in Tokyo and to
issue a series of orders to carry out the terms of
his authorization. The subsequent events of the
occupation of Japan leading up to the negotiation
of the Japanese peace treaty in 1951 are dealt
with in a later section of this part
Allied policy of the study.1 It is sufficient to note
toward Japan at this point that although postwar
was actually policy toward Japan was ostensibly
American Allied policy, it was in reality Amer-
policy ican policy. Unlike the situation in
Germany, the Allied occupation of
Japan was actually a one-party arrangement with
the Americans running the show and the other
allies relegated to the role of observers.
While the problems of Japanese occupation
were complex enough, they were simplicity itself
compared with the dilemma posed by Korea. At
Cairo in 1943 the powers had prom-
Korea is ised the Koreans, under Japanese
divided control since 1910, independence at
between an unspecified date. With the col-
Soviets and lapse of Japan in the summer of
Americans 1945, the Koreans believed the time
of deliverance had come. Instead
they were tossed out of the frying pan and into
the fire. The Russians, entering the war against
Japan at the last minute, advanced on Korea
from the north, and General John R. Hodge's
1See pp. 199-204 below.American 24th Corps proceeded from Okinawa
to the southern coast of Korea where they landed
on September 7, 1945. By a pre-surrender ar-
rangement reached at Potsdam in July, the
Korean peninsula was split horizontally at the
380 parallel of North Latitude. Above this
marker, the Russians were to accept the surrender
of Japanese forces and occupy the area; to the
south of the 38 line the United States would be-
the occupying power. The original purpose of
this division of Korea was to simplify the prob-
lems of disarming the Japanese forces in the
peninsula. United States policy did not foresee
a prolonged occupation, but rather an early
determination of the means for achieving Korean
independence. But many factors complicated
the situation.
Economically the division of Korea was hard
on the South Koreans for almost all the industrialDivision
of Korea
to the
disadvantage
of
South Koreansdevelopment in the peninsula was
in the north near the Manchurian
frontier. Politically things were not
much better. The communists in
each zone were well organized and
in the Russian area were early rec-
ognized by the Soviets in the guise
of the "People's Republic." In theAmerican zone the occupying authorities main-
tained an attitude of official impartiality toward
the more than fifty political parties, or factions,
clamoring for leadership of the "Provisional
Government" being set up in that region.
At the meeting of the foreign ministers in Mos-
cow in December 1945 a declaration on Korea
was issued by Secretary Byrnes, Foreign Secretary
Bevin, and Foreign Minister Molotov.
THREE POWER DECLARATION ON KOREA,
MOSCOW, DECEMBER 27, 1945: . . . With a
view to the re-establishment of Korea as an inde-
pendent state . . . there shall be set up
Big 3 a provisional Korean democratic govern-
ment. . . . to assist the formation [of
policy on this government] . . . there shall be
Korea, 1945 established a Joint Commission . . . of
representatives of the United States
command in southern Korea and the Soviet com-
mand in northern Korea. . . . The recommendations
[of] . . . the Commission shall be presented for the
consideration of the Governments of . . . [Russia,
China, the United Kingdom, and the United States]
prior to a final decision by the two Governments185
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Air University (U.S.). Extension Course Institute. Course 2, Volume 1A. American Foreign Policy in Growth and Action, book, April 1959; Alabama. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1077937/m1/199/?q=%22~1%22~1: accessed July 16, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu.; crediting National WASP WWII Museum.