Course 2, Volume 1A. American Foreign Policy in Growth and Action Page: 188
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AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY IN GROWTH AND ACTION
which is developing in Singapore elections. The
former Straits Settlements Crown Colony, the
Federated Malay States, and the Unfederated
Malay States gave way to the Malay Union on
April 1, 1946, and later to the Federation of
Malay which was organized, not including Singa-
pore, February 1, 1948. On August 31, 1957, the
Federation of Malay became a limited constitu-
tional monarchy within the Commonwealth, the
only free nation in the Commonwealth, other
than Great Britain, to have its own monarch.
The Netherlands experienced considerable dif-
ficulty with its colonials in Indonesia, and the
issue finally was brought before the Security
Council of the UN as has been
Indonesia previously noted. Turmoil and
becomes intermittent fighting between Neth-
a republic, erlands and Indonesian forces con-
1949 tinued through most of the period
from 1945 to 1949. Mediation by
the United Nations Security Council led to a
cease-fire in August 1949 and to a round-table
conference at The Hague. The Netherlands
agreed to transfer sovereignty, over all Indonesia
(except western New Guinea, for which the
Indonesians have since constantly struggled, by
negotiation, by force, or by threats of force) to a
government known as the Republic of the United
States of Indonesia. This was formalized, Decem-
ber 27, 1949. A Netherlands-Indonesian Union
(a voluntary association between sovereign states),
with the Queen of the Netherlands as symbolic
head, established in 1949, was dissolved in 1954.
The federated government of sixteen states did
not function satisfactorily. It was dissolved and a
unitary Republic of Indonesia was
Communists proclaimed on August 17, 1950.
gain The constitution of 1950 set up a
strength in provisional government with an
Indonesia appointed legislature. The first na-
tional elections were held in 1955.
The Communist Party early showed considerable
strength and increased its representation in the
elections of 1957 when it became the strongest
party in many sections of the country.
Revolts in several parts of the Republic in
1957, led by army commanders, were attributed
to dissatisfaction with the fiscal policy and with
the system of representation in the central gov-ernment. Revolutionary councils in several prov-
inces took over local control in
Revolt in protest against the central govern-
Indonesia ment which they charged was pro-
Communist, dominated by Java,
and guilty of draining the resources (including
income from petroleum) from the other prov-
inces to densely populated Java. President
Sukarno denied that his government was under
the influence of pro-Soviet forces, but in meeting
the revolt he set up a National Council within
the administrative branch of his government in
which the pro-Communist members held many
or possibly most of the positions.
Negotiations and open warfare between the
central government and the rebels in Indonesia
continued month after month. Whenever hos-
tilities reached a major scale, both
Communist sides needed arms from abroad.
nations provide When it was announced that Soviet
arms to or satellite sources were supplying
Indonesia the Indonesian central government
with large quantities of war ma-
terials in April 1958, it was also charged that the
rebels were being supplied to some extent from
Nationalist China sources. But the pro-free world
rebels never received adequate supplies and the
fighting took on characteristics of guerrilla war-
fare in the latter part of 1958.
Mr. Lincoln White, speaking for the State
Department, said that the United States regretted
Indonesians buying Communist arms for possible
use in killing Indonesians who openly opposed
the growing influence of Communism in Indo-
nesia. Upon complaint from the government of
Indonesia, Mr. Dulles explained the policy of
the United States.
STATEMENT BY SECRETARY DULLES ON ARMS
SHIPMENTS TO INDONESIA, WASHINGTON,
APRIL 8, 1958: . . . The United States has a broad
policy with respect to arms, which, I am sorry to say,
seems not to be shared by the Soviet-bloc
United States countries. We believe that arms should
UniedStaes be supplied to a country from without
policy on only in accordance with certain fairly
arms well-defined principles. One of these is
the need of a country to have defense
against possible aggression from without. The other is
to have small arms which would be required for a
normal police force and the forces required to maintain
internal order against subversive activities and the like188
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Air University (U.S.). Extension Course Institute. Course 2, Volume 1A. American Foreign Policy in Growth and Action, book, April 1959; Alabama. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1077937/m1/202/?q=%22~1%22~1&rotate=270: accessed July 16, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu.; crediting National WASP WWII Museum.