Course 2, Volume 1A. American Foreign Policy in Growth and Action Page: 81
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THE UNITED STATES WINS WORLD LEADERSHIP IN WAR
Shortly after America's entry into the conflict,
Prime Minister Churchill paid a
A declaration visit to the United States. He was
of allied unity received with great enthusiasm and
delivered a spirited address to a
joint session of the American Congress. While in
Washington Churchill joined with President
Roosevelt and representatives of other powers
arrayed against the Axis nations in discussing
measures to promote the unity all realized would
be required in the fight ahead. Out of these con-
ferences came the United Nations declaration
which was signed by 25 nations and later adhered
to by 21 others.
THE UNITED NATIONS DECLARATION,
WASHINGTON, JANUARY 1, 1942: . . . Each
Government pledges itself to employ its full resources,
military or economic, against those members of the
Tripartite Pact and its adherents with which such
government is at war. . . . Each Government pledges
itself to cooperate with the Governments signatory
hereto and not to make a separat? armistice or peace
with the enemies.
This declaration is not to be confused with the
Charter of the United Nations Organization
which did not come into existence until near the
end of the war.2 The 1942 pronouncement was
a statement of the unity with which the allied
nations proposed to fight the war and to make
the peace. The choice of the term "united" had
valuable propaganda aspects and served to pro-
vide a rallying point, perhaps as intangible as
Churchill's "V for victory" gesture, but equally
effective in lifting the spirits of peoples and na-
tions then suffering under the blows inflicted by
the Axis forces.
At almost the same time as the united nations
were declaring their intent, Western Hemispheric
solidarity was reinforced at a meeting in Brazil.
THE ACT OF RIO DE JANIERO, RIO DE
JANIERO, JANUARY 28, 1942: . . . I. The Ameri-
can Republics reaffirm their declaration
The western to consider any act of aggression on the
part of a non-American state against one
hemisphere of them an act of aggression against all
proclaims of them. . . . II. The American Repub-
its unity lics reaffirm their complete solidarity and
their determination to cooperate jointly
for their mutual protection until the effects of the
present aggression against the Continent have dis-
appeared. III. The American Republics . . . recom-
mend the breaking of their diplomatic relations
2 See p. 101 below.with Japan, Germany and Italy [by states not already
at war]. . . . IV. Finally, the American Republics
declare that, prior to the reestablishment of the rela-
tions referred to . . . they will consult among them-
selves in order that their action may have a solidary
character.With
was in
pledged
The
"Grand
Alliance"these two statements, the United States
effect a member of two great alliances
to wage war until victory had been
achieved. It was likewise committed
to carry this spirit of unity into the
making of the peace. Even so, the
United States shied away from a
formal military alliance, recalling inthe midst of global war its 150-year old aversion
to "foreign entanglements."(45) However, American
involvement was as complete and as whole-
hearted as if a binding alliance had been forged.
What Winston Churchill so aptly called "The
Grand Alliance" was from the beginning of 1942
a controlling factor in the prosecution of the war.
American adherence to the agreements of the
United Nations Declaration meant that another
step had been taken by this nation on the road to
world leadership.
Later in 1942, Secretary Hull outlined the ob-
jectives of the war as they appeared to the United
States.
SECRETARY CORDELL HULL'S RADIO AD-
DRESS, WASHINGTON, JULY 23, 1942: The con-
flict now raging . . . is not a war of nation against
nation. . . . On the side of our enemies
War objectives . .. it is an attempt to conquer and
enslave this country and every country.
of the On our side, the side of the United
United States Nations, it is . . . a life-and-death strug-
gle for the preservation of our freedom,
our homes, our very existence. We are united in our
determination to destroy the world-wide forces of
ruthless conquest and brutal enslavement. . . . With
victory achieved our first concern must be for those
whose sufferings have been almost beyond human
endurance. . . . Victory must be followed by swift
and effective action to meet . . . pressing human
needs. . . . During this period of transition the
United Nations must continue to act in the spirit
of cooperation which now underlies their war effort
-to supplement and make more effective the action
of countries individually in re-establishing public
order, in providing swift relief, in meeting the mani-
fold problems of readjustment. . . . It is plain that
some international agency must be created which can
-by force, if necessary-keep the peace among
nations in the future. There must be international
cooperative action to set up the mechanisms which81
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Air University (U.S.). Extension Course Institute. Course 2, Volume 1A. American Foreign Policy in Growth and Action, book, April 1959; Alabama. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1077937/m1/95/?q=%22~1%22~1: accessed July 16, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu.; crediting National WASP WWII Museum.