The Fairfield Recorder. (Fairfield, Tex.), Vol. 19, No. 50, Ed. 1 Friday, September 20, 1895 Page: 2 of 8
eight pages : ill. ; page 20 x 13 in. Digitized from 35 mm. microfilm.View a full description of this newspaper.
Extracted Text
The following text was automatically extracted from the image on this page using optical character recognition software:
®|)( idrncl® Sccoriifr.
« L. D. DILLARD, Ed. and Prop.
... oil
7 AIRFIELD, -
TEXAS.
ALL OVER THE SI ATE.
Interesting CuUluc' ol> Various Subjects
l.ltsn uum tne Dally Press.
Tha other night tit 2:20 a meteor,
apparently as largo anil shaped very
much Use a bricklayer's trowel,
flashed across the heavens east ol
Orange, going from north to south at
gueh a marvelous speed the eye could
scarcely keep pace with it. The
brilliant light thrown out by the
strange visitor was ai the front in-
tently while., tailing on the severa)
hues of the rainbow toward the laji.
leaving a long streak of hazy blue
film or smoke in its wake seemingly
as largo.a- a man's arm, that the wind
whipped into many fantastic shapes.
The duration of the blaze was ten
seconds, in which time it. traversed
u vast distance, descending at jin an-
gle of 70 degrees, and whou far bo-
yoqd the city ivas seen to explode,
throwing lights similar to those, cast
oft by an exploded skyrocket of tre-
mendous size. All of the fragments
descended straight to the earth us
long us their light could be traced.
An eagle, which from its habits is
believed to be one of a pair that has
reared its young for several years an-
nually on one uf the cliffs on the
Bra .osjRivcr. was seen recebtly by a
hunlpraengaged in a light with a wolf,
atiouv two miles from Bqsqiiovilie.
Tito cause of the disagreement was
the carcass of a jack rabbit, it was
evident tnut in a istA-aigiit 'contest oh
the ground the wow was the best uiapi
but as no rules governed the (light l^io
eagle kept mounting in the »ir then
descending and striking thje wolf with
its taions about tne spine j and neck.
The 'woif conducted tile light with
much skill and I Succeeded < once j in
biting the eagle iid the thiglp. It was
at ill is juncture flat the hubter sjhot
the,wolf and gait the eagle the fijjffit.
The adjutant g tneral has just, com-
pleted his report of the '1'exas jvolun-
teer guard fur 18;ip, to be sent to (too
war department at Washington. From
the data therein t obtained it is lamm-
ed that ih? guard (s corainandbdj by
s2 general and aiiijS officers, 2U) in-
fantry o.ucers, ad cavalry officers! and
16 artillery officer®, a total of 30tj.
It consists of 2<0U enlisted mob, jd
which li are on tlj,e statl. 2168 iq two
infantry. 348 in the cavalry and lli8
Id the artillery. ‘l/he state has i^o-arT
mories, but the Houston Eight <fuat-dl
has one costing >.5b,UJ0, the ljtdllas
artillery one costing $75d0, tfiO Jett
liavis rifles one costing $35,JO, and
the Brennam Eight artillery one cost-
ing *4UiM.
There is considerable talk of a rail-
road being built from Cleveland, on
the Houston F-ast and West Texas,
via fold Springs, to the rock quarries
at the upper end of San Jacinto coun.
ty. i,f San Jacinto county could get
that road it would dovelope its won-
derful roiources and it >fin*ld come
forward as one of the be^t'counties of
the state. It has good laud, good
timoer, good rock and tne best wate'r
In rue stale.
At Flatonia, F’ayette county, re-
cenily, in a difficulty between tieorge
and Steve iayloron one side and
Jack Williamson on the other, all
colored, the latter was struck on the
head with a club and then cut bauly
with a knife, one cut In the left side
just below the heart, being fully six
inches long and two or three inches
deep, ills recovery is doubtful.
Gov. Culberson recedfify 'appointed
Judge James I. Bertrins county judge
of Cueroxee county to try several
lawyers for failure to pay occupation
taxes. County Judge F\ B. Cuinn be-
ing disqualified on account of some of
Abu parlies being relatives. Ail of
the attorneys paid the lax, when they
found they would be prosecuted, aud
the cases were dismissed. , ,
. Juarez Hernandez was found dead
•t his cabin at Eufkin the other day
With two knife wounds in his breast
and a wound in the'head. It is sup-
posed that he was hit on the head
with a piece ol iron, which was lying
by tha corpse. He had lived there
for some time, selling hot tamales
and ico cream. Bobbery is the sup-
posed motive.
At ban Antonio the other night
Ea'rnest Altgelt, sou of Gearge T.
Alt-gelt, fei^fratb thy second story of
his house.' T/io -little fellow was
asleep on- Uie guliery, when he was
seized with a nightmare and walked
oil the gallery, wbioh is about eigh-
teen feet (rum Ibu ground. Ho -fqll
on his chest and chin ami is seriously
hurt'
At New Braunfels,recently, Herman
Meyer shot at his wife live times
wiinout ui|«ot. bhe 1b suing her hus-
buod for a divorce. Moyer is in jail.
Govi Culberson bas announced that
Ins mailer of appointing oranch
pilots for Ibu port of Galveston tie
wijl ,cohliDue to issue commissions
only to such candidate® us ure rec-
ommended by the board of pilot com-
missioners, as is provided by law.
FIF Luvftlle, a brakeman an the
Texas'arid I’acitic work train, was
run over afilrWilled at Big Sandy, Up-
shur county, recently. 11 is trayn hau
side-tracked for the passenger train.
He akt down on the track undar the
shade of his caboose and drooped of
to sloop. 'The train backed up and
the wheels of the caboose passed over
him oruSTTng bis left arm and leg and
fatally injuring him in bis buck.
At Quintana, at the mouth of the
Brazos river, Dr. McGregor of Hous-
ton and several local sports spent the
day recently trying to capture so^ie
of the large devil fish which lipVo
infested those waters for some time.
They succeeded in harpooning a very
large one, and the doctor emptied his
Winobestor rifle into the body of the
lish, but it succeeded in breaking the
harpoon and made its escape.
At Galveston, Al.LaUose, proprietor
of a saloon, and. his wife quarreled
while in their room ono morning re-
contiy. l.aUoso was shotjlwice. The
tirst shot strupk him in line back of the
neck and the second shot took effect
in the hip. The wounds are not
thought to be sorious. /Mrs. 'LaBose
was locked up on a charge of assault
to murder. j
The other-evening, Simon Birdsong
stopped his spring wagon at I. T.
Culver's, one mile /from Longview,_
when an altercation arose; Culver*’
iphot Birdsong with /a shotgun, tear-
away three inehes lof-hia hack near
the shoulder bladtyand setting liro to
his vest. His wonnds are not serious.
Culver-surrendered.
The now oha/ter of Sherman pro-
vides that the four railroads entering
bhermun shall/sustain an adequate j
light at each of the foKy-threo street
crossings. Tl/o matter has vbeett re-
ferred to the police commissioners.
In Liberty county the corn crop is j
generally good, and enough corn will
ho made to/ supply home demand.
Bice is suffering for rain, us is cotton;
the boll worm and ury weather has;
cut tiio cropl-short about one-balf.
B. L. Brown, white, aged 35, was
arrested recently ;ft Werher, twenty-
three miles east iOf Crockett and
lodged in jail. / Hd/is wanted in Har-
rison county for tile murdbr of a ne-
gro woman in 18112. ,
•At Eagle l’assj the other night the
giiurda lired lintfij robbers that were
tuning goods; outlof a car in tho Mex-
ipiin Interuiitiiwml yard. One thief
was badly wioundbd in the neck aud
another in the /leg.
Bain has rpcentlj^ fallen in the
countiesyof;Brazoria, bimestone. Got
liaii, Brazos, Robertson, VVashingtonl
Walker, lioiilston. Williamson, L)e-
Witt, Milam, Bastrop, Lee and Bur-
leson. / ,J ‘
ManagerC rot ty of the Austin Re-
gatta association, has gone to York
York to make arrangements for get-
ting the crack ; British oarsmen to
take purt in fhe regatta this fall.
A gardenetf shipped thirty cases of
green peas from Texas to Chicago by
express. Tho peas Bold on the mar-
ket for $22, and the express charges
were <23.5l).
At Longview, tho other morning, as
Mrs. J. YV. Welborne was walking out
on her back porch she slipped aud fell
breaking both boues of her leg near
tho ankle. <
Some df the residents of the town
of Forney, Kaufman county, want to
wipe out the corporation, and so peti-
tion.
The total assessed'value of personal
property and real estate in Matagorda
county is *3.120.412.
A Mexican wus run over and killed
od thq. International and Great North-
ern roai^, near Lovelady, Houston
county, recently. lid was terribly
mangled.
The city council of Hillsboro has
passed an ordinance levying an an-
nual occupation tax on life, marine,
tire aud accident insurance compa-
nies. .. »• •*'.
An unknown man was found dying
in the weed® in .South Dallas recently.
He had taken morphine. An effort
was made to revive him, but failed.
Two deaths and four new cases of
smallpox are reported from the quar-
antine camp, now officially named
Camp Jenner, near Eagle i’ass.
Frank Brown was killed by an es-
caped negro convict in Wharton
county the o^her day, and the ' negro
was caught and lynched.
AS TO BETTER TI
I Jit US.
VARIOUS OPINIONS? CONCERN-
ING THE CAUSE. I
lVlint Was Said by a Grain Dealer
About the Craps, by a Wall Streat Man
About Capital, aud a Workingman
About I-a bo i.
Omj T WA^ a dealer In
grain who «aiu.
"The real cause of
the better times
that have come
upon the country1
within the past few
months is the asM
surauce that all the
crop® of the year
will be big, and can
be marketed more
advantageously toTbe farmer than they,
were last year. When the farmers are
prosperous everybody is prosperous, for
the reason that they spend nearly all
that thej- take in, and buy all kinds cf
goods and implements aceorilipg to
their rpoans. Look at our abuhdqht
crops of all-varieties of fruits; but, mapj
than that, we are to have splendid
crops of grain and corn, and, more yet,
■ we are to have a heftvy cotton crop,
besldek good crops of sugar, rice, and
'tobacco. It is the harvests that tell in
this exporting country; they put money
in circulation;j,they enable the pro-
ducers to hire labor and pay it well;
they promote Business activity/ they
enliveA tho manufacturing Industries;
llhey ra|i/ie -the spirits of the communi-
ty*; they/help people to build better
houses, land they make men feel more
liberal ail around. Everything depends
upon tne crops, that, is, when there is
a market for them at fair prices.”
It was a Wall stneet man who said:
“If times are-better it is because money
is abundant and investments are large. |
Men of means are Investing- heavily
his year in everything that promises
a. profit, because they feel more "con-
fidence than they felt last year or the
year before. They arc putting out their
money more freely. They are buying
real estate, building houses and stores
and mills, going into all Sorts of busi-
ness enterprises, iflto invjentlpns, and
machinery, and factories, pud coal, an(j
crops, and all sorts of thinks. You can
borrow money now pt a lot/ rate o*f in-
terest with good security \ for almost
any undertaking that look® practical,
or even for the starting pf a retail
akes the
.pitalists
stand ropdy to Shell out ott business
principles \the times grow better. Thefo .
have been\millIons invested this year I
in electrical novelties and trolleyb anj
bicycles and patented articles,. and
millions have been sent to the South
for investment in cotton factorilds.
There will be no trouble about the pros-
perity of the country so long as its cap-
italists can possess that confidence
upon which ujl the publl^ interests
are dependent. We can also borrow
millions of capital.upon easy terms
from England, where money is a drug
in th# market, so that it is sent to
Argentina, or to South Africa, or to
any o-UierXplace that wants it."
It was V politician who Said that
times were better, because of one thing,
and anothej^-who said they were better
because (/something entirely different.
It warf a thoughtful carpenter who
said: ‘An my opinion the better times
that hap! come to the working people
are due, In great part, to something
that noBqdyJms -thouKht. of. and that Is
the heavy falling off in alien immigra-
tion. So long as poor people name here
from Europe year after year nbthe rate
of half a million a yetrr, ready to work
for anything they could ge^(, and ac-
customed to lives of abject poverty,
it was useless to expect good times for
American mechanics or laborers. But
(luring the last two years Immigration
has fallen away more than a half. It
Is according to the government reports
that in the year Mw2, 623,000 European
immigrants cam^ to this country, or
about three tlmeRx more than there
were laid year, or fflan there will 'be
this year. This ImmVnse reduction of
tho number of forelgii laborers arriv-
ing here within the liast two years
means that there Is s6 much tho less
competition in the labor market here,
and that the struggle between workmen
to get employment Is not as tough this
summer as It' would be If shiploads of
laborers were landed evefy day at Ellis
Island.”
It was a capitalist who said:
“There Is no doubt that the liberation
of capltiil this year Is a cause of the
better times for the community. The
panic from which we aro recovering
was a panic, of capital. • Capital must
be safe If It Is to render public service.
Thete must be confidence -in invest-
ments, if money is to be llberqlly in-
vested. .There cannot be "prosperous
times'for the farmer without good
crops, or for the laborer without em-
ployment, or for. the commercial man
without targe exchanges, or for the
shopkeflper without a brisk business,
or for the house owner without rents,
or for the capitalist without opportuni-
ties of expanding his -capital, in the
long run, we are Ml dependent upon
each other’s welfare. It Is a foolish
grocery. It is m&ney that
mare t|0. and when the
The university regents have lease
* W^tTsit
bents
seventy-two sections bl unlvq/rsity
land in Tom Green county at 3
per acre.
Burglars entered a drug store at
Brookston, Lamar county, the othdr
night and oarrieibawiy *66 worth of
jewelry. V ■ / ’■
Ho far 7 cents is the b<*St figure
offered for oottfto In tills state, ex-
cepting “tirst bales.”
8evecty-flve bales of cotton have
been shipped this seasoa trom ban
Diego, Duval county.
it Is said that Kaufman county pro-
duces more hay than any other coun-
ty in ihefsonth.
The corporation of. Henrietta was
continued by a vote ol 136 to 33 at a
recent election.
capitalist who expects to fatten upo»
the misfo’tunes of the community."
The reporter interviewed otheix-par-
tles as to the cause of the better times;
but tho various opinions here quoted
give a fair idea of the nature of all
those that were obtained. —
AflA BOWL OF KAVA.
A Polynesian Drink Whit'll Unpleas-
antly Peculiar In Its Preparation..
Kava is the native drink, and its use
and the manner and ceremony of Its
preparation being among tho most an-
cient i-o»ton » of Polynesia, it merits,
I think, a short description. Kava is
an indigenous tree, more or less plenti-
ful throughout the South Sba Islands,
the root of which is employed in the
manufacture of the drink. Whei^lsit-
ors arc present much ceremony is ob-
served in its preparation. A beautiful
roftnd bowl of dark-colored wood is pro-
duced, its'interior shining with a blue
enamel-like coating, caused by the de,-
, posit of the root. Generally speaking,
\the best bowl is the property of the
Village, and much care Is taken and
time spent In polishing nnd preserving
the enamel In the Interior. .Three young
girls with shining white teeth, chosen
usually chosen from the “belles” of the
village, seat themselves around the
bowl, each having a piece of the kava
root. This they proceed to break up In-
to small pieces, apd, putting them into
their mouths, chew the dry/ root until
It Is reduced to a pulp,\whi(jh is placed
from time to time In the bqwl. A suf-
ficiency having been thus prepared
water Is poured in and thq whole mix-
ture Is stirred up; bunches of; fine fibre
are then drawn through/the i liquid to
strain out any small pieces ojf the root
which may remain. ;The dFiflk is now
complete and is passed around in cups
of cocoanut shell to thq chiefs and
principal people of the assembly in or-
der of rank. On my first attempt at
drinking kava I was Strongly repiinded
of soapsuds; but this ..unpleasant idea
woro off after a tjlne. A refusal to
drink, or even not tft dra.ifl the cup, is
considered a grave/impoliteness, The
solution of the.kavii root is non-intoxi-
cstlng, but, taRen-iin excess, produces
a Joss 6f power ip the lotyer limbs.
Many of the EurAbpan residents drink
it regularly,- but, pf course. It Is then
prepared In a different maimer.
- / T . ■ ■ v'
KIcph 1n tljfl Ilenert.
Signs lnv the desert, Indicating tpe
trails and giving dl/ections aS to the
nearest springs and wiells of fresh water
are to be erecjjed by Arizona and ,Cili-
fornia In the desolate-regions on either
side of the Colorado! river, where so
many tragedies have occurred through
miners and others losing their way or
dying frdlpjthirst. The signs are high
poles of gas pipe, witll big squares of
sheet Iron at the top and are painted
red, as that Is the color that can be
seen the greatest distance In that
region. The lettering will tell the dis-
tance front point to point and the lo-
cution of the nearest water holes.
WHAT DO THEY UO WITH ITT
The Mystery of the Couutnnt Chinese
^1‘iiiand for (iliiBonf(.
Passing through the wholesale dis-
trict the other day a Nashville Ameri-
can repot ter stopped In at one of the
largo houses* to ask about price®.
When ginseng was reached In the list
the dealer raid:
• What jhe Chinese use ginseng for Is
to the masses one of the mysteries of
the age, but that they gobble up every!
ounce of the herb that tho known world:
supplies is nevertheless a fact. Be-i
enuse the moat thorough Inquiry has!
failed to bring about a complete .un-j
folding of the secret Is not regarded
by tho average American as sufficient
reason for refusing from $3 to $G per!
pound, on the average, which the Celes-i
tlal offers for the root. Some of the
largest firms In China make a specialty
of handling the American export of
ginseng and coin money at It. Some of
our shrewdest traders have coaxed for
the secret, and havo offered monpy 1or;
t, but the gray matter at the other end*
of the Chinaman’s queue doesn’t seem *
to see it that way.
‘‘The American ginseng Is growing
scarcer yearly. The cultivate^ root
haB not the wonderful power which'
fixes the value of the wild article; at
least it docs not manifest Itself (to the-
same **ri ee. Tills fact rende/rs tho
cultivation of ginseng rather unprofit-
able. It might be.planted and allowed
to grow well for -years and years and
then be-salable at good figures, but not
otherwise. The older the plant tho
more pronounced\ the wonderful prop-
erties of the rootA In view of (the fact
that lt| is growingWarcer, unjless tho
demanR diminishes! thp price) of .gin-
seng must go materially higher w|thin
the next few years.
“The market hefe l\ largely sJ>qcu-J
lative. The ChiieSe ginseng houses
each year send thtin! buyers frqm Cali-
fornia to the Hast to buy up “he re-’
ceipts of ginseng. Tuiese buyers have
not yet put in an appearance on tho
Eastern market, and consequently thi®
year’s price has not been fixed) Deal-
ers aro paying $2,GO in Nashville for
the reason that they believe they can
secure the usual prices for all they
take in. Some advices, however, aro
to tho effect that the price will he 20
,or 30 cents lower, owing to the fact
that the demand has been cut off soft
what by the war."
COULDN’T KEEP HER AT
Anti Her Brutal tlu«l»an<l-<HlULero<l the
Moles *»f Her Feet. i /
“I put blisters on her feet, Judge, to
keep her in the house, but even then
she wept- out,” said John Woods, of
Eagle BtrTet, In court, while <inp|earing
against his wife, Catherine, w^m ho
charged with being an habitual drunk-
ard, says Brooklyn Eagle. After tho
examination Mr. Woods described how
he blistered his wife’s feet lo a r“port-
American Cotton KMi-torlen.
The southern states have now near-
ly 6ne-fourth bf the cotton factories
of the country and the great Increase
of this industry In that section- dur-
ing the last few years gives rise to the
belief that jit no dlsthnt day the seat
of the cotton factories will be as close
as poi^lhle tO( the cotton fields.
, ——1>.. ■ i .I.'... ^
NOTES OF TrtE DAY.
i ____
It ts estimated that while the annual
revenues of all the countries of Europe
ait* U,3o«,0Gti,vw, tittfif; *un*t:iiulture8 are
*3,300,000,000. / /
The county of McHenry^**Illinois,
groans over the fact that under the
woodchuck bounty law 'tlllJta!jave al-
ready had to pay out *2,200la,a>l there-
are lots of ’chucks left. ™
The famous old "Blue Store" In Ilox-
bury. Mass., will soon be torn down.
During colonial times General Warren.
It Is said, occupied one floor of the
building as a dwelling.
The festivities sit Kiel <gave ahe hotel-
keepers, a harvest As much as *10
was charged fdr a night’s <qodgt»ig In
small rooms In /he third and fourth
rate hotels of tha town. J \\ a
The New York'fish commlssffii has
gone Into the buHlnOss of ralslpg In-
sects for distribution along j trout
streams, so that the speckled beauties
may have something to eht.
Four Bwarms of bees have taken pos
session of the Methodist Church In
blast Ran Jose, Cal., and. I* Is esflmated
that theije are at least 300 pounds of
honey between the outer and inner
walla. /
Poer playing for money ts hot gam-
bling according to Chief Justice Beatty,
of the Cfilifornla supreme eoUrt, or at
least there Is no criminal apt com-
mitted Ip playing the game rm^money
stakes.
The supreme court of Colorado has
Just decided that the uity council of,
Denver has a right to ievy a license
tax of t?6 a car on street car lines or
any other license taxes it mpy choose
to levy. ' “■ ' “ ‘
Teats In th« upe pf poke as a fuel for
locomotives trt place of cohJ have been
made by th« Baltimore & Oh|o Rail-
road on some of, Its Virginia lines dur-
ing the past few weeks and have proved
successful
er. "I told my wife,” he. said, ^'that
she would have *o stay in the house if.
she would not stop /drinking, I was
willing to care for her In th^house, but
I didn’t want her to be found Intoxi-
cated on the streets and cause me a
good deal jpore trouble than if she
stayed at home. She Insisted upon go-
ing out. I tried to have hot^stay in by
doing every thing I could think of.
“Finally the Idea of blistering licr
feet came intb my head. ' I heard of it
twenty years ago 6s being used to keep
people in bed when the doctor or their
folks didn’t want them to walk around.
I bought a, couple of fly plasters in a
drug store! When I returned from tho
store my wife was lying on the beFF in-
toxicated. I slipped ott hor shoes and
stockings nnd put a plnsn-r on eaehjof
her feet without arousing her. Twen-
ty mlnuti s later iYemov-d the.prostcrs.
The soles of her feet were covered with
blisters. A few hours aftervyard she
got up and walked ground os usual and
then went out., It'g Impossible to keep
that woman in the house.” .
, * •- •
NOBLEMEN TOR OFFICERS.
very common thing fora rein-
;
K ,, V i
% . it ■
V*
•It Is very • istly (lone Indeed, by the
middle of winter nearly every reindeer
has lost oft* or both of Its horns ®r
fragments only are lefL
■T:
A Curious Rule 1
Which Seems
According
appeared," there
i-p*ty s
ft is _
leer to hnve a horn broken off and and thepo'ard 21 ptheif> glnienEs Whoso
the GTiu»n Army
Secure Officers.
latest “almanach"
y, which has just
ms to be little
chance for anyon* not of noble birth to
attain any but a. low ranking iff-that
vast fighting machine. There are stxty-
slxgenerals In thg Infantry, cavalry and
artillery, and there are but two who
do not belong to the nobility. These
two, however, are wnat In FCngland
wouM be classed u ‘pentry,” and are
not" common orlgitj by any means.
Aracmg -the 75 HeuteuMit-generals there
are but 13 of boqrgnibls oxtraiulon. Df
major-generhiw thrr&Mto 111 ami all
but 38 of these are oWmble birth; 20«
of the 294 colonels gave a right to Wear
titles. It will be-soen trom this that
the higher cpmtp/ands of the German
army remain in fhe hands of the aris-
tocracy, which is strictly In keeping
with the theory that only those who
have been gcFij/stomed for generations
to rule over\thglr fellow-men, by right
of birth, -are lit for military command
There are Owoglpants lh thi German,
•inm* where aVl 'be uiTlct rs without ex
cfptloi) are pinto jei» of the nobility,
rigid rule It is never to -jliiilt an officer
below the grade of sous-.‘eutsnanfi wb*
is not of noble birth,
■ :■ 7.
v/;//:
i ,
Upcoming Pages
Here’s what’s next.
Search Inside
This issue can be searched. Note: Results may vary based on the legibility of text within the document.
Tools / Downloads
Get a copy of this page or view the extracted text.
Citing and Sharing
Basic information for referencing this web page. We also provide extended guidance on usage rights, references, copying or embedding.
Reference the current page of this Newspaper.
Lillard, L. D. The Fairfield Recorder. (Fairfield, Tex.), Vol. 19, No. 50, Ed. 1 Friday, September 20, 1895, newspaper, September 20, 1895; Fairfield, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1120024/m1/2/: accessed July 11, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu.; crediting Fairfield Library.