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UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
ALMER McDUFFIE McAFEE, OF PORT ARTHUR, TEXAS, ASSIGNOR TO GULF REFINING
COMPANY, OF PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA, A CORPORATION OF TEXAS.
PURIFYING OILS.Specification of Letters Patent.
Patented Aug. 27, 1918.
Application filed March 22, 1918. Serial No. 224,038.
To all whom it may concern:
Be it known that I, ALMER MCDUPFIE
McAFEE, a citizen of the United States, re-
siding at Port Arthur, in the county of Jef-
5 ferson and State of Texas, have invented
certain new and useful Improvements in
Purifying Oils, of which the following is a
specification.
This invention relates to processes of im-
10 proving petroleum materials; and it com-
prises a method of converting relatively low
grade petroleum materials into relatively
higher grade materials wherein a petroleum
material, such as lubricating oil, kerosene,
15 gasolene, paraffin wax, etc., is warmed with
aluminum chlorid at a relatively low tem-
perature for a time, the temperature being
below that at which aluminum chlorid will
exercise any violent breaking down action
20 upon the hydrocarbons of such material but
being sufficient to permit such aluminum
chlorid to exert what may be termed a sat-
urating and stabilizing action; a tempera-
ture which, with most of these materials, is
25 in the neighborhood of 1500 F. or between
1500 F. and 2120 F.; the warming with the
aluminum chlorid being continued until a
desired degree of saturation and internal
change, with corresponding improvement is
30 accomplished; and it particularly comprises
a method wherein lubricating oil, or oils of
the general nature of lubricating oil, are so
treated with the object of producing oils
sufficiently purified to make them of higher
35 grade for lubricating purposes or of suffi-
ciently high grade to permit of their use
for medicinal and toilet purposes; all as
more fully hereinafter set forth and as
claimed.
40 Petroleum .oils and products are com-
posed mainly or exclusively of various hy-
drocarbons of different boiling points.
While these hydrocarbons, which are bodies
consisting of hydrogen and carbon in chemi-
45 cal' union, are very many in number and
differ among themselves in chemical and
physical properties,- for the present pur-
poses they may be divided into two well-
known classes, the saturated hydrocarbons
50 and the unsaturated hydrocarbons. The
former are those which contain enough hy-
drogen to satisfy all the chemical combining
power of the carbon which they also con-tain, while the latter are those in which the
carbon has some of its affinities unsatisfied 55
and is therefore in condition to enter into
further union with oxygen and other bodies.
The unsaturated hydrocarbons are presumed
to owe their reactive nature to the presence
of " double linkage " or "triple linkage " as 60
the case may be; to the presence of pairs
of adjacent carbon atoms united together by
two or more bonds instead of union by a.
single bond only. The saturated hydrocar-
bons are relatively stable bodies; the unsat, 65
urated are relatively unstable. In all com-.
mercial petroleum products those which con-
tain any substantial amount of unsaturated
hydrocarbons are of lower grade or value
than those which are free, or relatively free, 70
of such unsaturated hydrocarbons. A lu-
bricating oil containing any substantial
amount of unsaturated oils is apt to be dark
colored, or to become so on standing; and
it is prone to absorb oxygen from the air 75
with discoloration, gumming, etc. In use
on a hot bearing these difficulties are of
course accentuated. Like difficulties obtain
in the case of gasolene; kerosene, paraffin
wax and other petroleum oils and products; so
in all the presence of a substantial percent-
age of unsaturated hydrocarbons lowers
their commercial grade and value. But the
formation of unsaturated hydrocarbons is
incidental to many of the methods in use in 85
manufacturing petroleum products.
The unsaturated hydrocarbons occurring
in petroleum oils are of course themselves
oils and, except' as regards the properties
stated, they do not differ nMaterially from go
the saturated hydrocarbons or oils which
they accompany. They are hardly to be
regarded as impurities;' they are simply oils
of less desirable character. If they be re-
moved from the oily body, as is practicable 95
by the use of sulfuric acid, etc., there .is a
resulting loss of oil.
Anh ydrous aluminum chlorid (AlC13 or
A12Cl) is a material capable of exercising
sundry energetic reactions on the hydrocar- 100
bons which 'compose -petroleum oil, and of
niodifying 'their character in many ways.
On boiling a high-boiling petroleum oil,
such as lubricating oil, a gas oil or solar oil,
kerosene, etc., with aluminum chlorid, the 106
latter, under proper conditions, will convert1,277,329.
No Drawing.
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McAfee, Almer M. Purifying Oils, patent, August 27, 1918; [Washington D.C.]. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1257804/m1/1/: accessed July 2, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu.; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.