The Brownsville Herald (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 28, No. 85, Ed. 1 Sunday, October 2, 1921 Page: 1 of 10
ten pages : ill. ; page 20 x 15 in. Digitized from 35 mm. microfilm.View a full description of this newspaper.
Extracted Text
The following text was automatically extracted from the image on this page using optical character recognition software:
’«•i Two For- SAVE FUEL COST! I
rowSoiky Disc Irn FuoiflOil—let a* |
mPloWS show you how to mt« on J
EAGLE PASS LBR. S*^**""
COMPANY
_ The only newspaper in Brownsville receiving THE ASSOCIATED PRESS dispatches. The Sunday Alamo Iron Works
BrowntmB* ‘ **«* j | Morning Herald is the only newspaper published in the Valley carrying a complete leased wire service. ( s.« ».«..k t»«.
yOL. XXVIII. No. 85 BR<>\\ XSYILLE TEXAS SUNDAY. MORNING OCTOBER 2 1921. TEN PAGES TODAY ESTABLISHED 1893
EARLY TRUCK
SHOWING GOOD
ADVANCEMENT
. _____
Cabbage Acreage Continue:
Indications of Exceeding
Last Year’s Acreage
Fall planting of various valle;
fall vegetables is well under wa;
County Agricultural Agent E. H
Alsmeyer stated yesterday in repl;
to an inquiry as to crop prospect
this season and is progressing satis
factorily all over the county.
Cabbage acreage is much extendet
over last year’s figures indication
being that this will be larger evei
than that of 1920 when a recon
crop was produced. The yield how
ever from various reasons is ex
pected to be about the same. Mr
Alsmeyer declared that he woulc
like to see the cabbage planting pro
gram curtailed to some extent a:
with every truck grower making this
his largest production a sagging ant
poor market might develop wher
harvesting begins. This will be par
ticulariy true he continued unles:
more discrimination is. exercised ir
“timing” the crop.
in previous seasons. »tr. Aismeyei
stated cabbage has been planted sc
that it matured in gteat quantities
in March at which time an enormous
quantity of the vegetable came or
the market from cold storage inter
faring with fresh valley cabbage
This factor should be carefully con
sidered he said as th«; cabbage har-
vesting period extends from Feb-
ruray 10 to April 10 and with a lit-
tle care and foresight the valley
grower can start his crop so thal
maturity will not collide with the
|fj cold storage output.
Tomit*ei Acreage It Heavy
Tomatoes acreage for the fall crop
will be the largest in severed years
the agent declared. A large propor-
•3 tion of the crop is being planted in
the fields in addition to the ordinary
method of transph.ntirg the ships.
At least 500 cars of tomatoes out of
Cameron County are expected this
fall and winter while in the late
spring they constitute* the valley’s
leading truck cron. Despite this
well known fact the agent st-.ted
an entirely satisfactory variety of
tomato best suited to the valley
has not yet been found. Compre-
hensive variety tests are bei*VT con-
ducted by the agricultural office tc
determine the best variety the agent
continue m.d ne was eapeci&lly de-
sirorji o* getting . t least one man in
each eomnv*nitv to mi'-c a test of
ten varieties thb fa’l from reed to
harvest in ord>r that results might
be compered and some uniform
strain decided upon which hereafter
will give the best results-
Many green-wrapped tomatoes
were shipped from the val.ey last
spring the agent observed the first
season in which this has ever been
done from this region the green-
wraps being sent north as fnr as
Canada- The experiment proved
successful he added and this fall
and next spring increased export of
the immature fruit is expected.
Interest in tomato growing is
spreading although its general de-
velopment is of comparatively recent
date-particularly on account of the
large return per acre yield. This
makes it an exceedingly attractive
crop for the small acreage grower
the agent declared five acres being
about all one man can manage. One
farmer he met in his travels through
» the county however has put in 130
acres in tomatoes the largest indi-
vidual field on record.
Oaion Acre*** Decreases
Onions at one time o? chief im-
portance in the 4ruck list in parts
of the Lower Valley Mr. Abmever
continued have dropped off and the
acreage now deveted to them is
considerably smaller than that of
five or six years ago. The onion
is still one of the valley’s leading
truck crops however. Onion plant-
ing is from Sept. 15 to Oct. 10 the
fall seeding this year being already
nearly completed he a ided. Harvest
period is from April 15 to the latter
part of M~y.
Potato Acreage Also Heavy
The largest recorded fall acreage
devoted to potatoes has been plant-
ed the agent continued most of it
having been accomplished during the
- I past monoth. A large percentage
\fof the growing plants make a re-
markable showing in comparison
with former seasons. The biggest
(Continued on Page Two)
G. C. L. COUNSEL
CONCEDES LOWER
RATE DESERVED
» *
That shippers in the lower valley
* are entitled to some relief from con-
ditions caused by the existing differ-
ential in freight rates was conceded
yesterday afternoon by Frank An-
drews general counsel of the Gulf
7 Coast Lines shortly after the Inter-
7 state Commerce t©mm?.ssion hear-
* ing began at two ©clock in the feder-
7 al building.
5 This admission by Mr. Andrews
* which came while counsel on both
sides were jockeying for position in
I the presentation of the case to At-
torney-Examiner A. R. Mackley led
man to believe that the suit brought
by the Valley Chamber of Com-
merce the Brow-nsville Chamber of
Commerce and eight val ey organi-
zation against the Gulf Coast Lines
will be completely won when final
decision is handed down at Wash-
ington while the more conservatively
inclined were of opinion that even if
the entire lower valley were not in-
SENATE HEARS
SALARY BOOST
LIST RAPPED
(Bv tbe Associated I'ressi
WASIlIXUTdN i). t*ct. 1. _ A
demand that the republican majority in
tbe senate investigate increases made
recently in the salaries of officials and
others in the Xew York federal reserve
bank was made today by Senator Heflin
democrat Alabama. Heading from a list
showing that $1 MSI 12.4410 ami a
year salaries had l»een raised to $12«00.
$12(KW». and $25.(100. Senator Heflin
told the senate it was an "outrage"
that there should In* siu h a "digging into
the funds of tbe |»eople. when a great
army of unemployed "marched through
the land.”
Senator Fletcher democrat. Florida.
Interrupted to call attention to salaries
paid by the shipping board. He said here
was a $15(M1<I0 a year board of operations
to tell an $84 000 a year shipping hoard
how to of cerate the government merchant
fleet: that there were experts at high
salaries to fell other ex|*erts what to do
and that there were high paid lawyers
to tell other high paid lawyers how to
interpret the law.
Senator McKellar. democrat. Tennes-
see. told the senate that he bad recently
received a request from a business man
in his state as to the possibility of
chartering a shipping In lard vessel to
carry a cargo of freight to Texas to
I’nitcd Kingdom jiort* and had re-
ferred tin* requeirt to J. -It. Small "a
jyUMMNI a year director of operations” lie
hade been told he said that inquirers
should c harter a British ship rather than
an American vessel because the British
steamer would give a low freight rate.
-»♦ ---
TWO AUTO RACERS
KILLED WHEN FOUR
CARS ARE WRECKED
'll • • !
(By the Associated i’resal
OAMBtnrita m.. tvt i. — Two
automobile racer* were killed. another
severely Injured and four race car* were
wreck**! here this afternoon l»efore a
crowd of several thousand. The dead
arc: Harriett Holder of Semenauk and his
mechanician. Hilbert Kldred. The ac-
cident war caused by a collision by the car
occupied by the two dead men and others.
FRESNO Calif.. Oct. 1.—Alton Soule*
automobile race driver who was injured
when hi* ear threw a tire and shot
through the fence on the Fresno speed-
way here t.tdav in the San Joauuln Val-
ley elussie race died »t a hospital here
shortly after eight o’clock. Hi* mechan-
ician. Harry Rarner. Is fatally injured
according to Hr. W. !.. Adams.
Harry Rarner. Alton. Rnules' mech-
anician. died tonight of his injuries.
DEATH PENALTY FIXED
SKATTf.K. Wash.. Oct. I. —- .lame*
K. Mahoney charged with killing hi*
elderly bride for her money was found
guilty of murder in the fir*t degree and
hi* penalty fixed at death by a jury in
mijterior court here tonight.
OIL PLANT HAS FIRE
BAKERSFIELD. Cal. Oct. 1—
Fire in the Richfield Oil Company’s
refinery here today was placed under
control by plant employees after a
cal! had been sent for the Bakers-
field fire department.
p
eluded in common point territory the
oejustments which the action will
bring about will afford substantial
re ief more than justifying the labor
and money expenditure which it in-
volve*.
A general statement of the com-
plaint'* grievances position and the
remedy sought by R. C. Fullbright
thc;r chief counsel marked tne open-
ing of the session. Attorney-Exam-
iner Maekley presided. Immediately
in front on his left were Attorney
Fllbright William Graves his assist
ant and traffic expert and at the ex-
aminer’s right sat the railroad's chief
counsel Frank Andrews and J. A.
Brown general freight agent R. H.
Kelley assistant general attorney and
J. D. Rnuman assisting Mr. Brown
Direct’y in front Mrs. F. C. Pierce
official stenographer took down the
record verbatim.
Outside the railing there were
hardly twenty five persons present
including witnesses for the complain-
ants but the small audience
appeared intently interested
in the proceedings straining for-
ward In the first two rows of chars
to hear the speakers. The afternoon
was excessively warm and half those
present inside the railing bad dis-
carded coats.
In his opening remarks outlining
the complaint Mr. Fullbright called
‘attention to the illustration afford-
ed of an alleged injustice inflicted
by the existing differential in the
case of the first class rate from
Shreveport to Laredo which is 22 1 2
cent* per 100 pounds whi'e from
Shreveport to Brownsville it is 52
cents. Laredo is in common point
territory. The full measure of relief
sought by the plaintiffs he said is
to have the entire lower valley also
included in common point territory
This the Gulf Coast Lines contend.
Attorney Andrews made it known is
entirely too sweeping a proposition.
While admitting that the rates re-
quire some modification he said that
counter-proposals are toward ef-
fecting this by re-adjusting rates on
certain classes and commodities on
a mileage scale down from the pre-
sent boundary line of Texas com-
mon point territory which runs
through Sinton. This proposition he
believed would afford what relief
valley shippers were entitled to and
at the same time protect the railroads
from “an unjust swing of the pen
dulum in the opposite direction.*’
The differential in itself is not
evil Mr. Andrews suggested but he
said “the subject has been one of so
much adverse discussion in this re-
gion that the very word has come in-
to ill repute and excited considerable
unthinking prejudice.'* He declared
that the rate situation could be re-
medied without changing the south-
erly boundary of common point ter-
ritory at Sinton and opposed any
change.
Introduction of testimony by the
complainants then began with Mr.
Furbright calling C. L. Jessun to th«
witness stand to give a sketch of
general development of the lower
valley showing the enormous strides
made in the past 20 years. Comolete
statistics embracing the status of the
region in 1900 and development of
population agriculture business and
hanks since that period had already
been exhaustively compiled by a com-
mittee formed for the purpose and
were on hand neatly tabulated to
turn into the documentary record.
Part of the proeress of the valley
more than covering the past decade
Mr. Jessup was able to outline from
personal recollection as he first came
to this section In the fall of 1908. He
was asked to state his experiences
and spoke substantially as follows:
“l came to the valley In the fall
of 1908 on about thirteen years
ago. and for the first two or three
years was connected with one or two
canal systems that were start'd
.-.bout that time. Some four or five
years following that period I became
connected with a number of proper-
ties in the vicinity of this citv and
five years ago with others including
the Browne estate of which 1 became
manager. Some of these properties
T am still connected with although
control has changed. I am now in
charge of a plantation of 2000 acres
which is under irrigation.
“Have you had opportunities to
observe in a general way the growth
of the valley Industries since your
coming?” asked Attorney Fullbright.
{Continued on Pnge/2)
ATTACK MADE
ON LABOR BY
SENJELSON
Union Workman Are Them-
selves Responsible For Un-
employment Says
Illy tb*> AsRociated Preast
WASHINGTON D. C. Oct. 1—
An attack on union labor by Sen-
ator Nelson republican Minnesota
and a successful fight against a
committee amendment which it was
claimed would discriminate against
American ships in favor of foreign
craft marked Senate consideration
today of the republican tax revision
bill.
Senator Nelson declared that the
workmen themselves were responsi-
ble for most of the unemployment
over the country because they would
not consent to a readjustment of
wages. To the railroad workers he
attributed part of the responsibility
for present high feight rates as-
serting that until there was a reduc-
tion in high wage.* and bonuses al- j
lowed during government control the \
people could not hope to get cheap- !
er transportation tariffs.
Referring to the threatened strike
of railroad workers the Minnesota
senator said he was getting tired of
threats to tie up- the transportation
system and thought there should be
a show-down.
“I.et the people understand once
for all what these men mean by
threatening to strike” said Senator
Nelson. ‘‘Let them understand that
it means the stopping of food sup-
plies and other essentials; want and
starvation in our cities and towns
and I venture the prediction that the
American people will rise in their
might and wipe these men from the
face of the earth.’*
TWYMAN HELD
WITHOUT BOND
AFTER HEARING
GATESVILLE Texas Oct. 1—
Lieutenant H. G. Twyman former
drill-master at GatcsviUr Training
School for boys charged with murder
following the death of 14-year old
Dell Thames of Beaumont on the
parade grounds of the school last
Sunday was remanded to jail with-
out bail at six p. ra. today after at-
torneys for the defense had spent
the afternoon in conference and ar-
ment.
If appeal to the higher courts is
not taken Twyman will remain in
confinement until the January term
of the grand jury. *
Following the remanding of Twy-
man Judge H. E Bell appointed by
Gov. Neff to conduct an investiga-
tion in behalf of the state announ-
ced that he and A. R. Johnson re-
presenting the training school board
of control would take up the general
probe of conduct at ti e institution
early next week. Mr. Johnson left
last night for Austin Judge Bell an-
nounced.
The appointee of the governor de-
clined to make any comment on pro-
bable developments in the case.
WEATHERFORECAST
East Texa*— Sunday generally rair:
Monday partly cloudy cooler in north
portion.
West Texa* -Sunday fair cooler in 1
north portion: Monday fair.
Tht Associated Press.)
WACO TEXAS Oct. 1—llheriff Bob Buchanan and eight bystanders
were wounded some seriously when the sheriff with several depu+ie* at-
tempted to halt an announced Ku KIux Klan parade at Lorena 14 miles
south of here at 9:80 tonight.
Sheriff Buchanan went to Lorena with the announced determination of
stopping the parade and conferred w ith several of the Klan leaders who
were masked for more than an hour in an effort to stop it but the lead-
ers of the invisible empire refused to be halted and at 9:30 one hour
after they were scheduled to appear they began their march.
At the first cross street on the Waco road the sheriff jumped into the
road grappling with the leader who was carrying an American flag.
Pandemonium broke loose the Klansmen rushing to the scene of the
fight. The parade was only halted for a moment during which the by-
standers were cut. and shot and the sheriff was held by men in citizens
clothes while the banners were again held aloft and the parade proceeded.
tne parade wmcn was seneuuien
to take place at 8:30 was delayed for
an hour while several thousand peo-
ple packed the streets. There was no
indication of trouble until the par-
ade reached the intersection of main
business streets. There Sheriff Bob
Buchanan stopped into the street
trying to wrest the American flag
from the first white clad figure’s
hand. In the battle that followed M.
Burton Lewis Crow Carl West Wi’l
Lawson and Sheriff Buchanan were
wounded.
Buchanan was shot twice once in
the neck and once in the body.
“Just tell them that the white caps
shot me” Sheriff Bob Buchanan said
to the representative ©f the News
Tribune while sitting on the edge of
a cot at a local hospital where his
wounds were being dressed.
“I begged and pleaded with them
to halt the parade*' he said “but
they would not hear me.**
Sheriff Buchanan’s wounds ap-
peared to consist of a ball which
penetrated under the right armpit
and grased wound across the right
thigh. In answer to a question from
Jailer Chaplin as to whether he had
spit any blood he replied in a firm
negative.
“Did the klansmen charge you’
Sheriff Buchansn was asked.
He looked confused. “It started—
he said vaguely. “I berged and
oled’* he said. It was plain he was
too weak from excitement or loss of
blood to continue.
The parade which resulted in the
wounding of nine men was announc-
ed by notices posted the night before
on buildings and telegraph poles.
First intimation of Klan strength
here became known July 8 when a
party of men tarred K. Cummings
after having sent him warnings which
he failed to heed. Three of the party
were arrested and bound over to the
WOMAN DEAD. SISTER
MAY DIE. THIRD HURT
Party On Way to Movie is
Struck by Automobile
(Tty Th*' Aannclatwf Press)
ARLINGTON Texas Oet. 1—Mias
Lena West 20 daughter of E. C-
West grocer of Arlington it dead
Miss Fay West a sister is probably
fatally injured and Mrs. Dorothy
Baden lies in a serious condition in
a Dallas hospital as the result of an
accident on a downtown busines*
street here tonight- According to re.
ports to police officers the three
women were walking to a movie on
Jeffries street when an automobile
driven by Tom Barber ofthis city
struck them. The dead woman sus-
tained two broken legs and internal
injuries.
66y800 Reserve Officers Given
Duties Under Regulations Just
MadePublic by War Department
'Hv The Associated Presal
WASIXtJTON. !». (M. l. Me-
taib-d regulation* under which thousands
of world war veteran* now members of
the officers reaervfe corps will be as-
signed for duty in the reserve army frame
work contemplated by the national de-
fense act. were made public today by the
war department and will be distributed
immediately to the fltl.HOO officers who
now compose the eorps. Assignments
of reserve officer* to the -27 divisions
of organized resenf*# tbAugbuut the
country will follow immediately as the
first step in general staff plans under
which an army of more than 4.000.000
could he quickly mobilised at need.
The regulations are extensive and cover
every phase of the relationship between
the eittxon officers and the regular army.
The same theory of decentr:ifixation of
administrative authority from the war
department to corps ar«ut commanders ia
earned ont for the officers that were
employed in planning fur the original
reserve
grand jury but were “no billed.”
Nearly a hundred prominent citizens
went on their bonds when they were
arrested after Cummjpgs had been
tarred.
“Readers” have been appearing in
the two local papers for several days
saying “K. K. K. is coming’’.
A tip to the News Tribune early
tonight told of the sheriff's plans to
halt the parade which was scheduled
for 8.30 but did not actually start
until an hour later.
Nine men are known to be suf-
fering from bullet and knife wounds
and others were probably hurt when
the sheriff’s posse attempted to stop
the parade.
Up to midnight no deaths had been
reported.
Those who are known to have been
hurt are: Sheriff Bob Buchanan of
McLennan county bullet wounds in
the right side and above the right
knee.
Lou*s Crow Waco proprietor of
a local laundry knife wounds in the
right side.
Carl We « ~orena bullet wound in
the neck.
Will Lawson Lorena knife
wounds.
Ed Johnson Waco knife wound.
Julien Minier. Waco knife wound.
Wi'l Austin Lorena. knife wound.
Charlie Westbrook Lorena knife
wou id.
JL S. Dumas Waco bullet wound.
The sheriff was the only member
of the posse wounded. None of the
p*:raders are known to have been
hurt. The wounded men verc
h-ought to Waco sanitirums in am
I nuances. The other Injured persons
were bystanders.
The battle between the sheriff's
posse composed of SheiA/f Buch-
anan Deputy Sheriff M. Burton and
Deputy Sheriff I. Mack Wood and
the paraders took place at the first
cross street at the entrance to Lore-
n* from the Waco road. When the
sheriff attempted to stop the robed
figures and tear the masks from the
faces of the leading men he was
attacked.
I ne leaning ngure in ine paraae
carrying the American flag was first
stopped b ythe sheriff. The noise and
hubbub that preceded the sheriff’s
action made it almost Impossible to
hear what he said. When he stopped
the man carrying the flag and at-
tempted to tear his mask from his
face other robed figures rushed up
to join In the melee.
A wild scene onsued. A pistol shot
rang out in the clear air. A lull of
a few seconds followed then between
ten and fifteen shots were fired in
ranid succession.
The sheriff and deputy Burton were
seen dashing about the road. Sheriff
Buchanan knife in hand soon clear-
ed a space about him. He was knock-
ed down at the beginning of the fight
by a pole in the hands of one of the
paraders. hut arose knife in hand.
He said someone took his gun away
from his while he was down.
While he was down one of the
white robed men grabbed the flag
another lifted high the fierv cross
and the parade moved on. Banners
carried bv the paraders were taken
by while the sheriff and deputy Bur-
ton were held by bystanders.
Preceding the parade Sheriff Bu-
chanan with his deputies arrived in
Lorena after having declared he
would either stop the parade or know
who was leading it. More than an
hour before the parade was schedul-
ed to start. Sheriff Buchanan went
down to the entrance where the pa-
raders were being sent having been j
told he could see the two men who
(Continued on Page Two)
MEXICO MUST
WRITE IT IN
Fletcher Quoted At 1 To
Grounds on Which Rec-
ognition Will Come
* ‘t
(By Thr Associated Press»
WASHINGTON D. C. Oct. 1—
Under Secretary of State Fletcher
was quoted by Rep* Hudspeth of Tex
as as saying in ccnucvtion with re-
cognition of Mex-c** that “Mr. Olire-
gon and his government must put
down in black and white that all titles
held by Americana shall be fully re-
cognized and this" must extend to
states that have confiscated the lands
of Americans for which they have is-
sued state bonds that are not worth
the paper they are written upon.”
“The Obregon government has
heretofore claimed that they have no
authority over the states” the under-
secretary continued according to Mr.
Hudspeth. “This is a misnomer.
They have authority ever states and
must control the action of |he states
relative to American rights. When
we recognise Mexico it is not for a
day or month.or a year but proba-
bly for many years and we are not
taking anything for granted but
everything must be reduced to writ-
ing and must be recognised by the
head of the Mexican government and
its legislative body.”
The Texas representative explain-
ed that he conferred with Mr. Fletch-
er on the general question Of Iffkican
recognition and received aimutandtSI
that the Chamizal zone controversy
has been kept ‘“in mind at all times
in negotiating with the Mexican
[ government and that it is a part of
I the treaty stipulations."
Commissioners will have to be ap-
pointed to settle it he declared the
secretary told him adding that “if
I control the matter It will be set-
tled right'”
In reply to s question a boat the
Mexican supreme court decision
concerning the retroactive clause .of
section 27 of the constitution Mr.
Hudspeth said the eecrclary ans-
wered :
“The supreme court decision only
settles one matter and thjat one is
that it recognires the lease of the
Texas Company made prior to the
enactment of this constitution. It
is ?iot a precedent for other con-
troversies of similar matters such
as our supreme court decisions are
in this country.
FIND BODY OF MAN
WHO ROBBED ALICE
. P. 0. MAIL POUCH
(Hr the Associated Press)
CORPUS CHRISTI Texas Oct. 1
—The body of Jesus Galvan 23 con-
fessed robber of the postoffice at
Alice was found late yesterday in a
shallow lagoon near Premont Jim
Wells county according to informa-
tion received here today. In his right
temple was a bullet wound while a
note near the bony voiced a prayer
for forgiveness for the theft arid hit
self-murder.
On the body was found $100081.
This together with $1840 previous-
ly recovered leaves the package con-
taining $3000 which disappeared
from the Alice mail-pouch consigned
to Hebbronville only $119.19 short.
The search for Galvan began
Thursday night following the return
to Alice of a service car driver who
told offices he had driven Galvan to
a spot in the brush near Premont.
BOSTON PROSECUTOR
FIRED FROM OFFICE
(By The Associat'd 1 renal
BOSTON. Mas*.. Ort. 1. — Nathan A.
Tufts was rem«»r*sl as district attorney
»f Middlesex toijntr in a decision handed
down to«iav bv the full bench of the
supreme judicial court of Massachuaetts.
The court found Tufts guilty of a
number of charge* preferred by Attor-
ney-tJeneral W. J. Weston Alice who
alleged m*afcas ince misfeasance and taal.
fea«ao.e in offl-e. Testimony on these
charge* "■»» riven at an extended hear
ing in the early summer. The four*
*K*»rtrd that the ouhlic good required
Tuft’s remora! adding that the decision
was nnanimons and not subject to re-
view or revision. ^
Upcoming Pages
Here’s what’s next.
Search Inside
This issue can be searched. Note: Results may vary based on the legibility of text within the document.
Tools / Downloads
Get a copy of this page or view the extracted text.
Citing and Sharing
Basic information for referencing this web page. We also provide extended guidance on usage rights, references, copying or embedding.
Reference the current page of this Newspaper.
The Brownsville Herald (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 28, No. 85, Ed. 1 Sunday, October 2, 1921, newspaper, October 2, 1921; Brownsville, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1377752/m1/1/: accessed June 27, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu.; .