Galveston Journal. (Galveston, Tex.), Vol. 7, No. 16, Ed. 1 Saturday, September 24, 1904 Page: 4 of 4
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5
TRADES UNIONS AND THE LAWS
MEETINGS FOR NEXT WEEK.
F. E. MISTROT
Union Made
5
fl
Shoes are what
TREMONT AND MARKET STREETS.
our
Our Great September clearance
Men’s Shoe
CALL FOR CONVENTION
is—made in 20 styles, all leathers.
-4:1532101102107?
This week
These are
GRAND OPERA HOUSE.
Hamilton-Brown Shoes
In our suit
Clothing
/
of solid
&
made lace or
121c
styles,
plain or cup toe.
$1.50 $2.00 $2.50
$10.00
10c
GENTS’ FURNISHING DPT
1
10c
10c
15c
18c
$2.98
25c
Dress Goods Dept.
In Our Linen Stock
25c
ber 14, 1904.
Also
IN INTEREST OF LABOR.
19c
25c
This week we will close
$1.00
5c
10c
Y. M. C. A. STAR COURSE
THE IDEAL LABOR LEADER.
they are established.
will be renewed with every transfer
10c
15c
15c
8k
HOUSEFURNISHING DEPT
121C
5c
$4.98
38c
the
39c
LABOR’S IMPROVEMENT.
I
$1.00
LABOR NOTES.
It is a guarantee that
e3
Rosenberg Hall
LOCAL
Ten
STAMP
♦
and
V
86798
occasion of procuring a situation for a
laborer or employee shall be. punished.
Beat the
World
just .one half
for this sale-
out all 8c and ioc
lawns at a yard
Don’t forget the I. O. O. F. Oyster
Roast at Woollam's Lake, Sunday, Oc-
tober 30, 1904. Music by the Harpers.
Jasper Waistings, come
in all the popular shades
stripes, to
closeout .
$1.50
$1.50
One lot elastic
seam drawers
2.00, to
close out
Don’t forget the I. O. O. F. Oyster
Roast at Woollam’s Lake, Sunday, Oc-
tober 30, 1904. Music by the Harpers,
380—All our 75C and 1.00
white lawn waists, cut
Large linen
huck towels
for Men
we sell
you
of location of the agency.
By another section of the law gov-
ernment agencies are created, the law
setting forth that in every commune a
register setting forth the offers and de-
mands for work and situations shall be
opened at the mayor’s office and placed
at the disposition of the public gratu-
itously. In conrrection with tills reg-
ister there shall be prepared classified
lists of the individual notices which
may be added freely to the demands
for work. The communes having more
than 10,000 inhabitants shall create
municipal agencies.
That there shall be no corruption or
favoritism in these free employment
agencies the lawmakers have declared
that every director of a free employ-
Black midget
ties...............................
2.50 pants
for....................
kind, bunched up
for this sale................
Do you ever think of assisting the labor
paper by telling your merchant you saw
his adv. in the Journal.
10-4 Bleach
Sheeting.....M.
25c lace stripe
half hose............
just to
close ’em out
50c men’s lace
half hose...............
Men’s fur hats,
2.00 shapes..........
Q
%=
♦
25c Imperial
Ties....................
Boys’school suits
regular 2.50 suits
Boys’ $4 suits
for.......................................'
Crown made
suspenders...............
Police-firemen
suspenders ............
Men’s and boys’
rubber collars......
with
Prices,
Y. M. C. A. Star Course
Season 1904-1905
Attractions — Four Musical
Season Ticket $2.50 on Sale
Decrease in Immigration.
For the first four months of this
year 187,500 immigrants arrived in
this country. This was a falling off of
over 39,500 from the number of immi-
grants for the same month of 1908.
Lack of demand for unskilled labor is
ascribed as the cause.
Monday, September 26—
Labor Council.
Bricklayers.
Carworkers.
Pepperel 9-4 )4e
bleach sheeting............LUV
15c and 20c madras shirt-
ing, black figures and
He Is a Hard and Unselfish Worker,
but Seldom Gets His Due.
The ideal labor leader is an ideal
man in every particular, whose ready
brain quickly grasps each new situa-
tion as it presents itself and whose
cool, level head instantly directs the
proper course of action, says Black-
smiths’ Journal. He must have the self
confidence which will guide him to suc-
cess under all circumstances and the
All 12%c and 15c lawns
and swisses to be 1 Qe
closed out, at a yard ivv
Tuesday, September 27—
Longshoremen 310.
Carpenters.
Wednesday, September 28—
Woman’s Label League.
Thursday, September 29—
Seamen’s Union.
a sample of
the values we offer in
Union Made shoes. Made
"Monarch" $3.50
Recent Decisions of Wisconsin and Illinois Judges Declared to be
Unsound—Expert Legal Opinions
eather,
congress
20c. 25c suspenders
Gents’ four in hand
ties, to close.....................
Gent’s four-in-hand
ties, to close..................
Gents’ colored bor-
der handkerchiefs ...
I
5
g I
888:3233333323333333333922
E 2
Lots of good values to
show you. Huck towels,
linen madras and other
good things in sufficient
quantities to interest you.
♦ When buying a cigar, see that this label is on the box.
: they were made under fair conditions. 2*
shirts, 12 1-2 to 14, )Ae
50c seller..............................Lev
Men’s and boy’s
Boy’s school hose, heavy
rib, fast black, 1 Re
this sale............................ le•
A
That the Cigars contained inthis box have been made bya First-Classs Workman,
a MEMBER OF THE CIGAR MAKERS ’ INTERNATIONAL UNION of America, an organization devoted to the ad-
vancement of the MORALMATERIALand INTELLECTUAL WELFARE OF THE CRAFT. Therefore we recommend
Dagswayn suiting, width
27 inches, the latest nov-
elty suiting, brown, blue,
greep, tan and gray! Re
mixtures, a yard.........leV
25c Blue Balgriggan Qe
Drawers .............................ivv
Sure to please you; Art
Squares and Scarfs,.
75 pieces, 1.00 valued vv
Fine gloria covered par-
asols, oxidized handles
sold regularly for 1.50 to
Staple Room
Yard wide
bleach domestic...........
choice of H
500 tailor \
made 1
suits, in
fine wor-
steds,
25.00 anc.
20.00 values
at...........................
Do not allow favoritism to influence
you in selecting your delegates. Be fully
represented.
Be ably represented by your best, most
faithful, and experienced members.
Fraternally yours,
SAML GOMPERS, President.
FRANK MORRISON, Secretary.
will be on sale on and after Tuesday,
September 27, at 6:15 p. m. Absolutely no
seats will be sold or reserved in advance
of this date.
regular 20c kind,
this sale.....................
this season and well deserving of
liberal patronage of the public.
Tuesday night, Sept. 27th.
r
I
Window shades, all)e
colors, 3x7 feet ......... Lev
Misses’ lace hose, stain-
ess black, sold regularly
for 25c, “ 1
to close out..................... Ivv
who took me increase were sent to
jail for two months.
When you are asked what trade
unionism has ever done draw atten-
tion to the above facts, which show
by comparison the great good which
has been accomplished in one craft
alone. When you consider the condi-
tions fixed by law then and the condi-
tions as they exist now in the tailoring
trade you will see that there is great
cause for congratulation.
Clothing
5c Departm’nt
Mosquito bars, sin- 20,
gle bed, ready madevzv
move on stocks and we are doing no more than our simple duty,
there will be more extra cutting on all lots that were knifed last week,
too small to advertise and we expect the price to do the work.
a description of each attraction and other
information concerning the course can
have the same by inquiring at the office
of the Association. Such a magnificent
course of entertaining, elevating and re-
fining attractions ought to receive the
hearty patronage of our people.
meat agency who shall have collected
Any person desiring the booklet giving a payment of any character on the
Reserved Seats $1.00 on sale on
Tuesday, Sept. 27, 6:15 p. m.
Undoubtedly the Young Men’s Chris-
tian Association in its Star Course of
entertainments for the season of 1904-1905
presents- (the strongest aggregation of
talent -ever brought to this city. This
will be seen from a careful perusal of
the little booklet issued by the Associa-
tion; and also from the following list of
talent which makes up the course:
Royal Hungarian Orchestra, Oct. 4.
Prof. John R. DeMotte, Oct. 21.
The Wesleyan Male Quartet, Nov. 7.
Prof. Allen G. Hall, Nov.
J. DeWitt Miller, Jan. 9.
Geo. Crampton Concert Co., Jan. 30.
Wm. T. Houston Novelty Co., March 27.
Miss Ida Renfy, April 10.
Frederick Warde, May.
As will be seen, this is not only the
strongest aggregation of talent ever pre-
sented by the Association, but it is the
largest course, consisting as it does of
ten numbers.
The course will open with the celebrated
Hungarian Orchestra, twelve artists, on
Tuesday night, October 4. Season tickets
are now on sale. Season reserve seats
sewed with wax woolen
thread, has counters cut
from one piece of solid
fairly good education that he may
couch his language in terms of intelli-
gent conciseness and forcible emphasis.
He seldom looks for any one to help
him with his difficulties, because he
has learned that there are few who can
or will help him when he is stuck. He
is a fellow who should always fall
right side up no matter how far the de-
scent or how violent the force that
sent him. He must anger never and be
always pleasant, sacrifice his time, his
health and his temper, protest seldom,
object never and be a diplomat always.
Without regard to himself he must re-
member that he is out in the interest
of his organization. He must be able
to put life into his organization. He is
the fellow who must see the bright
side, both inside and out, of every-
thing. Bad weather, bad trade, bad
treatment and bad luck, bad words
from those he represents, make little
difference in his outer equanimity. He
knows that it is not a bit of use to be
pessimistic or discouraged.
Whatever may be his private opin-
ions, he keeps them to himself. He is
and has to be the frankest and most
conservative man on earth. He has of-
ten to act as mediator between employ-
er and employee, and he must necessa-
rily know the business of both and
must keep faith with both, which is at
times difficult. He seldom receives
credit for what he does and rarely
asks it. He works on bravely and un-
complainingly, bearing the brunt of
the trouble and the knocks of every-
body, doing his best for those he repre-
sents and often getting very little
thanks from them. It is not right. He
deserves better treatment. Give him
that which is his honest due.
If any employer paid higher wages ' government for a special delivery
he waa fined $25 and the workmen stamp.
New French Law Provides For Free
Employment Agencies.
France has taken the lead in the
matter of bringing employers who
need help and employees who need po-
sitions together.. Free employment
agencies are provided for by the terms
of a new law recently promulgated.
And by the same law paying employ-
ment agencies are abolished except in
the cases of theatrical agencies, oper-
atic agencies and agencies for circuses
and music halls and nurses.
The law provides that free employ-
ment agencies created by municipali-
ties, syndicates of workingmen or em-
ployers or both, labor exchanges, farm-
ers’ exchanges, mutual aid societies
and all other legally constituted asso-
ciations are subjected to no authoriza-
tion, but with the exception of those
created by municipalities they are re-
quired to deposit a declaration at the
mayor’s office of the commune where
23 pairs 11-4 white wool
blankets, blue and pink
border, clean stock, not
damaged, sold regular
at #7.50 and 6.50,
The mechanics in the government
factories of Russia' rarely receive a
greater salary than $6.50 per month, it
is said.
The Chicago Electrotypers’ union,
which was an independent one, has
joined the international body.
Uncle Sam has on his payroll about
10,000 boys from fourteen to nineteen
years old who are employed as special
delivery messengers. Each boy gets
8 cents out of the 10 cents paid the
582002SEPLT8802GG2M2M
------ -----------------"-----------"nlennfmmerin3 Fe
The declaration prestige which will compel any one to
AtA"I +wonefo 1 give him a hearing. He must have a
8
monopoly, but the tendency ordinarily
would be very slight and remote. It
certainly is not the law that every con-
tract which tends, however slightly,
toward the creation of a monopoly is
unlawful.
As to the fourth ground, the effort to
secure by a strike legally conducted an
agreement to employ only union men
does not deprive “the owner or pos-
sessor of property of its lawful use
and management.” The effort to se-
cure by a legally conducted strike the
making of such an agreement cannot
be said to deprive the property owner
of its use and management unless (a)
the union should control substantially
all the labor, in which event there
would be no occasion for the agree-
ment, or (b) the right “to the use and
management of property” should be
held to include a right to compel peo-
ple to work for the owner. It certainly
was not the purpose of the Illinois
statute to inaugurate such a revolu-
tion of the social and industrial sys-
tem.
Frederick H. Cooke, author of “The
Law of Trade and Labor Combina-
tions,” is another authority quoted by
the Monthly Review who disagrees
with Judge Adams. Mr. Cooke sug-
gests that we look at “the reason of
the matter, whatever may be technical-
ly the law.
“I suppose that no one in his senses
has ever questioned the legal right of
a housewife to employ in her kitchen
Irish in preference to German servants,
or vice versa. I suppose that it has
never been seriously contended that
such a . course constitutes an illegal
‘discrimination in favor of one class’—
i. e., of Irish or German servants, as
the case may be—or is illegal as ‘tend-
ing to create a monopoly in favor of
the members of the class of Irish or
German servants, as the case may be.’
(The language quoted was used in
Christensen versus People.) Take as
another illustration the case of a rail-
road contractor employing Italians in
preference to negroes, or vice versa.
Until recently at least I do not sup-
pose that the right to employ union in
preference to nonunion men, or vice
versa, was seriously questioned. How,
then, can it be illegal to merely agree
to do what one has a perfect right to
do, or to merely request or induce one
to agree to do what he has a perfect
right to do? If this be illegal, we have
surely departed widely from the an-
cient standards.”
Bleach Huck Towels Re
fringed ends.........................vv
Few flannelettes, just the
thing for wrappers and
cimonos, 12}c and 15c
)
Men’s black and tan Q1e
half hose............................. 26
Czar” and the play was presented in a
capable manner. The stage effects were
appropriate and the play was well re-
ceived by the large audience which was
present. Between acts a series of spec-
ialties, was given. These consisted of
some excellent banjo playing by George
R. Bookhout and a clever turn by Phillips
& Hamilton in tearing folded papers into
all kinds of pretty designs. Miss Ewing
is remembered here from her previous
engagements and has become quite a
favorite with the play-goers of San An-
tonio. Her company this season is better
than ever. Tonight the bill will be “A
Divorce Cure.”
These shoes
are Union-
Made, and
Mason & Mason in the new musical
comedy, “Fritz & Snitz,” which has been
successfully produced in the larger cities
will be presented at the Grand opera
house with the original cost and produc-
tion. “Fritz & Snitz,” unlike the usual
musical comedies, has a story which is
far in advance to those of its competi-
tors. The plot although very compli-
cated is entirely free with the best of
humor and comedy. There is an en-
tanglement in the lines that mixes up
the auditor, but is so extremely interest-
ing that he follows it up closely, gets
the full benefit of every word of the
situation, and appreciates the good laugh
he has rad. The musical numbers are
as bright and brilliant as any comic
opera ever written, the songs being des-
tined to become popular. In presenting
this production the amusement world is
given a good and sufficient reason for all
that happens behind the footlights in
play form and at the same time eliminat-
ing the use of house play to create fun.
Messrs. Broadhust & Currie, who are di-
recting the tour, have engaged a most
clever lot of comedians besides a large
chorus of “singing beauties” and show
girls. “Fritz & Snitz” will be found to
be one of the very best and strongest of
the high class attractions to be seen here
W
33233333333332333
j i g
White curtain poles! ftp
fixtures complete...... ivv
The Labor of the Child.
Shut them from the light of day.
Dividends, dividends;
Bob them of their youth and play,
Pividends, dividends;
Stunt and dwarf the coming race.
Flabby limb and bloodless face—
A prison mill, the infant’s place—
Dividenr, dividends.
Steal their freedom and their joy.
Dividends, dividends;
Sacrifice the girl and boy,
Dividends, dividends;
Foolish, blind, impotent state,
Bowing dragon teeth of hate-
Save thy nurslings from this fate-
Dividends, dividends.
—Robert Loveman.
Comment upon the “closed shop” de-
cisions rendered by Illinois and Wis-
consin courts is wide and varied, says
the Philadelphia North American. It
was held by the courts that “contracts”
between employers and labor unions
providing that employment should be
denied to all except union men were
unlawful, because they denied the right
of freedom of contract and favored
one class to the exclusion of all others.
In the Illinois case it was also held
that “a strike for the purpose of com-
pelling an employer to shut out non-
union men constituted duress and crim-
inal conspiracy.”
The Monthly Review of the National
Civic Federation publishes a number of
opinions from lawyers on the Illinois
decision, rendered by Judge Adams of
the Illinois appellate court, and it is
noteworthy that all but one of these
opinions are at variance with the
court’s ruling
Louis D. Brandeis, a Boston lawyer,
discusses the decision in detail, declar-
ing in the beginning that it embodies
“a rule that is both novel and unsound
—namely, that a strike is illegal if its
purpose is to secure an agreement for
the exclusive employment of union
men.” The court’s conclusions, Mr.
Brandeis says, appear to rest on four
grounds—first, as interfering with
.the employer’s “right of contract;”
second, as unjustly discriminating in
favor of one class and thereby inter-
fering with the workman’s “right to
work;” third, as tending to create a
monopoly; fourth, as contravening
the Illinois statute prohibiting com-
binations “for the purpose of depriving
the owner or possessor of property of
its lawful use and management.”
“None of these positions seems tenable”
to Mr. Brandeis, for the following rea-
sons:
As to the first ground, it does not in-
terfere with the employer’s right of
contract to induce him to enter into a
certain contract. The privilege for
which employers have most strenuous-
ly contended in the past is the right to
employ—that is, to contract with—
whom they please, union or nonunion
men. The employer exercises this priv-
ilege when he elects from day to day
to employ union men.
As to the second ground, it is not an
unjust discrimination against certain
workmen or an interference with their
right to work for a private employer
to employ only persons of a certain
class. Nor does an agreement to make
his selection on such lines, however
capricious or unreasonable, interfere
with any one’s rights. The right to
work for a private employer is merely
the right to be allowed to work if one
can find a willing employer.
As to the third ground, an agree-
ment to employ union men only un-
doubtedly tends in some degree to a
/) zr
$ 7 L
Ready to Wear
Quick Closing—Half Price—All
White Lawn Waists, all
Lawn and Linen Shirt Waist
Suits, all Summer Skirts.
Just one more week of room making; towards the final liquidation of all Summer
Stocks,odd lots and broken lots. Saturday will necessarily be the Big; Day, but we
expect other days to be equally good. We are simply following instruction to
push them along;. KNOW WHAT’S COMING, and that means some tremen-
dous big lots that will need shelf room. Boss says “SELL THEM”—and that’s
just when we are doing. Know he’ll be proud of us ’cause we have a Royal
WANTED—industrious man or woman
as permanent representative of big manu-
facturing company, to look after its busi-
ness in this county and adjoining terri-
tory. Business successful and established.
Salary $20.00 weekly and expenses. Salary
paid weekly from home office. Expense
money advanced. Experience not essen-
tial. Enclose self-addressed envelope.
General Manager, Como Block, Chicago.
8888-8883
3 ) 8889
8298888 81
What Trades Unions Have Done Fer
the Worker,
It is Impossible to conceive the great
improvement that has taken place in
the condition of labor through the ef-
forts of trade unionism unless the con-
ditions of some past period are com-
pared with the conditions that exist
today, says Machinists’ Journal. It is
difficult to realize how important these
changes have been and in what a
short time, comparatively speaking,
such progress has been brought
about. A little Improvement now, a
little better condition then, but always
a change for the better, have marked
the worker’s progress through trade
unionism. Compare the following
conditions which existed by law only
121 years ago and under which the
tailors of England had to ply their
trade:
Any tailor who joined a union was
sent to jail for two months.
Tailors had to work from 6 in the
morning until 8 at night
Wages were not higher than 48 cents
a day.
Each tailor was to be allowed 8
cents for breakfast.
Any tailor who refused work was
imprisoned for not more than two
months.
eather soles
Only bona fide wage workers, who are
not members of, or eligible to member-
ship in, other trade unions, are eligible
as delegates from Federal Labor Unions.
Delegates must be selected at least two
weeks previous to the convention, and
their names forwarded to the secretary
of the American Federation of Labor im-
mediately after their election.
Delegates are not entitled to seats In
the convention unless the tax of their
organizations has been paid in full to
September 30, 1904.
The importance of our organizations
and ourmovement, the duty of the hour
and for the future, demand that every
organizatiotn ontitjed to representation
shall send its full quota of delegates to
the San Francisco convention, Novem-
Boys’ white madras RQe
75c shirts 12 to 14 lord VV
Boys’ colored madras
Special offering in brill-
iantine—38-inch, brown,
blue, gray and tan brill-
ianties, in all the late
shades, for this Eftp
week, 75c grade, yd •VV
The Gertrude Ewing Company open a
five nights’ engagement at the Grand,
starting with a matinee Sunday, when
“A Divorce Cure” will .be presented.
Sunday night’s bill will be “in the
Shadow of the Czar.” Matinees will be
given Sunday, Wednesday, Thursday and
Friday. Ladies will be admitted free
Monday night under the usual conditions.
The San Antonio Daily Light says:
Gertrude Ewing and a carefully se-
lected company opened an engagement
at the Grand opera house last night. The
initial bill was “In the Shadow of the
White lawn waists, sold
regular 1.50 and 1.25 OKe
to close out...................... 06
This is a chance for a
big bargain; regular 3.50
and 4.00 pants Q AA
Another lot of regular
American Federation of Labor, you are
hereby advised that the Twenty-fourth
Annual Convention of the American
Federation of Labor will be held at Lyric
Hall, Eddy street, in the city of San
Francisco, California, zeginning- at ten
o’clock Monday morning, Nov. 14, 1904,
and will continue in session from day to
day until the business of the convention
has been completed.
Representation in the convention will
be on the following basis: From National
or International Unions, for less than
four thousand members, one delegate;
four thousand or more, two delegates;
eight thousand or more, three delegates;
sixteen thousand or more, four delegates;
therty-two thousand or more, five dele-
gates; sixty-four thousand or more, six
delegates; one hundred and twenty-eight
thousand or more, seven delegates, and
so on; and from Central Bodies and State
Federations, and from local trade Unions
not having a National or International
Union, and from Federal Labor Unions,
one delegate.
Organizations, to be entitled to repre-
sentation, must have obtained a certifi-
cate of affiliation (charter) at least one
month prior to the convention; and no
person will be recognized as a delegate
who is not a member in good standing
of the organization he is selected to rep-
Bleached Table Linens,
they are all perfect,
bunched up,for this R,
sale...........50c, 35c, andLew
All wool, 44-inch serges,
voiles, and granites, in
all the late shades, as a
special inducement 7
this week $ grade ivv
r lt- i
gudhmna
admssfd
dzasMdddkd
i
888333333333333333333333
8888
Eh ' resent.
^WORKERS UNION
I UNION/J STAMP
1 ^4.
(racforyNo ■
Washington, D. C., Sept. 15, 1904.
To All Affiliated Unions, Greeting:
Pursuant to the Constitution of the
Bleach Sheets 2Q,
63x90, unhemmed......eOV
WANTED
MEN AND WOMEN in this county and
adjoining territories, to represent and ad-
vertise an old established house of solid
financial standing. Salary to men $21
weekly, to-women $12 to $18 weekly with
expenses advanced each Monday by
check direct from headquarters. Horse
and buggy furnished when necessary;
position permanent.. Address, Blew Bros.
& Co., Dept. A, Monon Bldg., Chicago, Ill
Men’s madras negligee
shirts, with or without
collar, light and dark
colors, regular 1.00 RQe
values for...........................eV
Men’s colored border Kc
landkerchiefs ..................vv
Outing flannel, stripes
and checks; worth Re
ioc, this sale.......................vv
Gingham, comes in
stripes, checks and solid
colors, cheap at 8% Re
this sale....................................vv
Ribbon Department
5-inch mercedized taffeta
ribbon, blue, white ! ftp
and black, to close IVV
Plat Valenciennes 1e
lace, 3 to 5 in. wide IVV
One lot four in hand! e
and wash ties, close ivv
3 ;
sg issued by Authority of the Cigar Makers' International Union of America,
rUnion-made Cigars.
AETRe This Certifies,
HG/< 9. * airnaorD nr TLE nin
fil31 GHd nB Valeiesnur wwi-.— —
WSA\VNNsM these Cigars to all smokers throughout the world.
All Infringements upon this Label will be punished according to law.
MEW $ .0sdec.,President,
eg*. V SM L.U. of America.
dkomcE=NEEECDCC8-C
One lot men’s
collars...........................!
Superba C Bleach
Hemmed Sheets, •A
................................................
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Dee, T. W. Galveston Journal. (Galveston, Tex.), Vol. 7, No. 16, Ed. 1 Saturday, September 24, 1904, newspaper, September 24, 1904; Galveston, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1410861/m1/4/: accessed June 30, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu.; crediting Rosenberg Library.