Labor Messenger (Houston, Tex.), Vol. 22, No. 1, Ed. 1 Friday, March 30, 1945 Page: 1 of 4
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Volume 22—No. 1
HOUSTON, TEXAS, M ARCH 30, 1945
$2.00 PER YEAR
draft board has the information about him, including his
Whereas, it has been determined power Commission—composed of representatives of organized
Whereas, the Teamsters Union,
basis.'’ McNutt later indicated he
if New Bedford submits
tions have stated that there is now nearly, if not fully, a of whom have “fallen” for the is, seniority rights over and above
mittee. Members of each chamber
a million workers are needed in all war plants.
point would there be in passing a labor draft law? The gov-
those on the “sucker list.”
Goal Set At
Play for me
citizen suspect that there are ulterior motives for the ad agement of the hospital depart-
nounced on March 3, the dates and
(Continued on Page 4)
4
However, the WMC labor*
in
Meanwhile,
Washington, D. C.—Charges that
war. We will not deny or gloss over the bad but we will insist j the present “frozen and unintelli-
the drafting of proper bills to be
(Continued on Page 4)
ILK
“Curiously enough, the
■
An arbitration
>
energy, railroad ties, crushed rock,
1454
This policy, he said, considerably
TBXAS
_______
-212Aa
ilion
2
Administration Officials Charged With
Conspiracy To Stampede Congress Into
Passing Forced Labor Legislation
have the desired effect, that the
committee of the whole institute:
ministration for a decision. The ad
ministration is a unit of “Assistant
President” James F. Byrnes’ office
Be Placed On Quota
For Individuals
Washington, after a thorough
investigation, concluded unani-
mously that the New Bedford
scheme was deliberately staged
for its effect on Congress and
; est established in any of the war
loan drives. Of that quota, $4 bil-
chambers on the subject, was offer-
ed a so-called “compromise” meas-
Todd Galveston Dry Dock Management
Refuses To Hold Public Hearing
“Our committee is unshaken
in its belief that free men are
Adoption Of Plan Long Advocated By Organized
Labor Hailed As Hopeful Sign Differences
Over Re-Employment of ‘Vets’ May Be Settled
7
Present Unintelligent VI age Policy Hehl
Threat To Full Employment When Peace Comes
g
• 4
35
ership and its
he proposal to
I order it De-
was, it lacks
cance that is
comprehensive
e under mem-
clauses put in-
the War Labor
Bork among 3600 workers in Feb-
uary, ran up against a stone wall
31 regard to the question as to
whether the hearing would be pub-
million unemployed in this country. These workers are all
employable, too.
racket, “la large and easy profits," what they would have accumulated
Gillette said. It is a swindle that had they remained on the job.
Reports Flood Washington Much Ballyhooed
Manpower Shortage Is Constantly Shrinking
driving public on the highways of
this nation, and
fore, more cognizant of tha general
conditions than any other particu-
lar group, and
Whereas, the Temsters Interna-
tional Union and its members are
vitally interested in the conserva-
for private profit. They were:
The labor-management Policy Committee of the War Man-
With Conference Committee
Meanwhile, the question of labor
draft legislation still rested with
I the millions of earnest, patriotic, industrious workers who are
I and have been doing their full share. .
I We hope the time will come when government and military
I officials will tell the whole truth about labor’s part in this |
they said.
Up to this time, most Republi-
cans in the House and Senate have
Many Workers Benefit
Hereafter, he declared, the law
will be applied to all workers em-
-WEST
177-70-7•
arammd
FrTA-
We Need A Labor Draft Law Like A
Hen Needs A Navel
Resolution
Southern Conference (►( Teamsters
March 19. 1915
IRQ
co.
address and his phone number, if any. The local draft boards. ~:11 w
and boards all over the nation, have reclassified many menUlllette W arns
much-ballyhooed manpower short-
"Application for the ‘forced re- age is constantly shrinking and
| flooded Washington from official
’ and semi-official sources that the
ment of the committee as a hopeful robber and automobile equipment.
] sign that differences over re-em- I have indicated very recently that
I ployment of “vets” may be ironed we are a long way from meeting
out at the conference table without the Nation's need, in either rubber
bitter clashes in the post-war pe- or automotive equipment, and
wages of the members of this In-!
ternational Union, and
Whereas, the International Broth- '
] for years, “F. D." has formed an
i alliance with them to put over a
forced plan which spokesmen of in-
dustry and labor have unanimously
opposed as a menace, not an aid, to
I war production.
; Shortage Shrinking
Official Newspaper of HouttonDaberan
Official Representative oft he A
peace-time handling of the sixty million job program. We
shall never succeed in arresting "depressions or in eliminating
large scale unemployment unless our government agencies
acquire the habit of telling the truth.
“A million unemployed certainly does not constitute a
Joint Committee Formed To
Advise Hines On Problems
Little ] that security.
The drive will extend from May
_o,
2723320
*u "a
Galveston.—Organized labor in] the councilroom in the Lafitte Ho-America ! nited.
ployed, for example, in such pro-
cesses as production of ice, electric
/$7“2Fo4
-7 OMANIII* \ 1
■ I MAY, I* 0
8223)
and the advisory council is com-
posed of representatives of 12 Fed-
The issue ha. been put before the Major Emphasis Will
12-man advisory council of the Re- J •
employment and Retraining Ad
Of Returning War V eterans
C
of Government, responsible to the
| general public and the legislative
branch of Government, who will
be vested with the responsibility of
the enforcement of traffic regula-
___Affiliated Orgaahations
n of labor in Houston
•7 --
not to solve the local man-
power situation.
working on such a substitue now.
what he called a “compromise.”
Actually, however, i according to
several solons who/ studied the
measure, iti the toughest work-
or-jail bill we have seen.” Though
camouflaged with clauses calling
W MC Committee Concludes
New Bedford Scheme Staged
For Effect On Congress
" T-7,*
y - •
more productive than forced
labor.
for compulsion only "afterwvolun-
me agoin New Bedlord, Conn. tary methods have failed/’ it is
That pmari, wtich hn< been widely more sweepmg thaf the May bf,
. . . ,2 .... —pp., ,,, au {comes pretty close to being crim-
At the same time, military officials admit that less than inal, Gillette declared, andheadd.
Then whab ed that it should be ignored by
tion of rubber and automotive
equipment to the end that the suc-
cessful prosecution of the war may
be completed, and
Whereas, any appreciable or un-
necessary waste of the equipment
presently available to the common
jary 1"
er the
hip and
nt. The
• $outh-
• you're
est at no
ure by Senator Warren R. Austin I
-- ■
you said this 9
be a platonic $
riod. Negotiations are already un-
ing forced-labor legislation.
Thejoint"Senate -House Confer- mhydeceptabte substitutg.» Labor
ence Committee, which has been ,__* . 41 n.
... . ! . ... , 2 and management in that city are
considering rival bills of the two
The reasons urged for its passing were that the war is far | Organized labor is playing a I service men’s organizations to ad-1
from won, production must be kept at a peak, and war plants , leading part in efforts now under | vise him on problems relating to i
need manpower now idle or working in non-vital jobs. I way in Washington to head off returning "vets." For some time I
Granting all these things are true, as the first two are and moves to pit war veterans against labor has been urging creation of
the thirdprobably is, there still is no real reason for any new srlmmnte"orkor. in the Pos"a s“chcormitpresentatives on the j
laws in order to deal with the problem. - One of the encouraging develop-1 committee are President William ;
The draft law gave all the authority necessary to see that | merits was action of Brigadier Gen- Green of the AFL, President Philip j
no men within draft age shall remain idle or in non-essential eral Frank T. Hines, veterans' ad- Murray of the CIO, and the execu- ]
work. Every such man has been registered and classified. A ministrator, in, setting up a joint tive secretary of the Railway Labor .Whereas, the authorities, having]
committee of labor, industry and Executives Association. ' at their disposal the fact as to the
-----------I Union chiefs described establish-leritical needs of the nation as to
chance of attaining full employ-1 Hally set up to keep wages in bal-
ment when peace comes,” were
i tary Morgenthau officially an
for military service because they found these men were not I Aoainst Racket in
in vital war positions. | 28
Better administration of existing laws and better-labor and Surplus Disposal
management relations would do far more to increase war pro- so-called "service or-1 der way within the committee for a I through their members, travel all
duction than any new laws. As has been pointed out many | ganizations » pretending to be able policy on protecting and extending [ the major highways at all times of
times, it is far different to force a man to serve his country j to give inside information for large I job opportunities for returning i the .lay and night, and are, there-
from forcing a man to work for a private employer for the fees; on surplus property disposal, service men.
latter’s profit. Employers know that such forced labor would] have sprung up in all parts of the Showdown On Seniority
be sorry labor and employers have protested against the pass-1 country, it is revealed by Guy M j Meanwhile, a showdown is loom-
ine of the hill Gillette, chairman of the Surplus i ng among government agencies
”, Property Board. over the question of so-called
F urtheMBOre, government employes in responsible POSi- . The bait to business men, many i "super-seniority” for “vets"—that
He studies was
H the Bureau of
- pa:
Hey covered 31
H employes, the
Kned to give a
idustry. Both
Rons as well as
I ■ । risuitee
■survey indicat.
union memnber.
Fively few em-
■ng the escape
■ere discharged
Kitain member-
Ls been shown
rtment in its
ge of less than
cent of union
■luring the 15-
■his then, is the
lienee of all to
B policy for it
I the employes
I one-half per
remian in the
lake advantage
I clause.
L' was made by
tions Counsel-
I, N. Y., and it
If 59 employers
3,459 employes
I membership,
employer mem-
I it was based
Im management
lather than on
I And here is
vidence of all—
| critics of the
Ina in ten ance-of-
elves, the em-
of the second
firmed those of
r Statistics.
i rience, far from demonstrating the His ruling, he said, was put out
they would not 'participate in a] “First, how high are wartime]--------------——----: ecutethewar from non-bank in- Washington, D. C—Demand, for failure of voluntary means, "proves as a resuit, of decision by three
-aks and the meeting ILGWI Gives s150,000 tel. ingdrivewucniitor rara large.......
Labor members. were last to ;=- T. Red < ross Campaign «. ets ■. “ Anpiroussanmen i noEmnpratuyendborF’mew ss Sa's anartmnanaunnmanie
New York City— The largest la- emphasze raising more from car were presented by officials of the when freed from bureaucratic coer- pay for overtime after 40 hours-
uwip.i. u.iv Nau., i .G, == ts=s, zt™, L. U. , s , , ter t it- . cion, can solve their manpower I to various types of companies
the strange turn of events Attor 70 cents an hour. No American ] since the Red Cross 1946 War Fund greater E Bond buying on the part ' c* n * iona. Union problems satisfactorily through,which had challenged applicability
tolerable practices and arbitrary ney Mandell and union officials de- family can live decently on that ] campaign opened here was present- of millions of men and women who j Tore ’ ’ ommittet on Mer- voluntary community effort," the | of the law to their operations,
ensures in vogue by the company. I cided to have the full text of the kind of income at presmt prices. [ ed by David Dubinsky, president of ire employed in the nation’s plants, i chant Marine and Eisheries.
mpany representatives, however, ] statements made by both union and j “How then are these workers the International Ladies Garment offices and shipyards. Morris .weserger, vice Pre;
manded a strictly closed session {company representatives at the I getting by? How do they live? The' Workers Union, in the form of a Previous Payroll Savings Drive, dent of the AFL union, expressed
id flatly refused members of the | brie meeting mimeographed and Acting Director of the U. S. Bureau , check for $150,000. among workers have demonstrated unalterable opponUon to pending
6y and labor press, the general Lj.tributed to Todd workers. In it of Labor Statistics supplied the Mr. Dubinsky explained that the the need for and the value of a spe legislation which would giye the „ „ , wee
blic, or interested workers to was included an appeal to the answer last week before the Senate i money was collected from 100,000 cifie company quota. In past drives , Maritime < ommission authority to Has Salutary Effect »
Send the meeting. workers to stay on fhe job. not be- Committee on Banking and Cor- members of the union and was in .tha. been the policy of the United set ceilings on post-war shipping Ue are convinced that the les- concrete and telephone and tele
krthur Mandell of Houston at- cause of the company's attitude, rency. He testified that thousands; addition to individual gifts of it. State, Treasury to establish ar and dispose of surplus vessel, to son. of the New Bedford raw will graph pole., even though such
Ar for the Union Houston that but in spite of it AD early after of workers, even those with no de- members-made in most cases overall national quota, based on the other nations. • have a salutary effect upon the, products do not leave a state, so
E 1 demand bv the company noon it was all over Lbor offi pendents, are going into the red'j through labor-management cam- time average purchase for all pen “Don’t sell those .hips now to country. Governmeht official 1s are long as they are used by companies
K a demand by the company ; noon . each week and foreed to borrow i paigns at their places of employ pie in an iKdustries in the last | foreign operators, W eisberger ! put on notice that they should sp- engaged in interstate commerce
Blate, a fundamental pnn ciP le-m 1. «Ull do ubtfuLof thrstat u.o ritaena are .And " this averaged an extra I1W> warned "Wait until American op- ply compulsion only as a last resort This policy, he said, considerably
Eustice, and the unionwill not the dispute,, waited st the.labor tomakosend.mee. fiK. mew. are happy to add this con »nd per perron erators have had a chance to build and then only after consultative broaden, previous interpretations
Eicipate in such an unjust, un- Temple w hue Attorney ■ ,n e 1. . ' g workers ’' ribution " he said “to the Hood However because in some in their own trade routes. No one can . steps have been taken.” of the law, and for that reason in-
E un-American and undemo- calledwarlaborbardiofficia had • after paying bare Hving expenses' dohation’ our member, also have stancs this method has set an un know how large our fleet should be The committee revealed too, that dustriesare given until April 15 to
Me procedure. Inion repre- Washington, told them what . P ng piving the Rd Cross blood obtain»bl objective for wome and until after the war ends and our . it had .ought to persuade Manpow- adjust themselves to the change be.
Eetives and a small number of occurred, and requested to have a wasathe magnificent sum of 239 BanksKivitKistestatothhgh-enoughgo forothers,operators have had an opportunity er Chief Pau! V. McNutt to revoke fore enforcement hegins. Waling
dnaamoatin, wnassarptstthe panel cathitredounpagointed by* where wages are frozenl yeaf." . (Continued on Page 41 | to extend their Unes.” the New Bedford program, "wipe announced.
of Government to enforce the laws
as they relate to the requirements
for lighting facilities, both head
and tail, on vehicles using public __ _ _________
highways, and j ( Rep., Vt.) which is even more ob- j ggg c
Whereas, it has been observed noxious than the drastic May bill I
that more than 60 per cent of the that passed the House. , , , , 2 0 ,
vehicles driving these highways at ‘Frame Up” At New Bedford were at loggerheads, but Senator
„;0n. .k, +1, Lp4H Austin was trying to get through
night (other than those of the com- In making charges of a “pot,” • • -- " -S
mon carrier, of merchandise) failthe labor-management committee
to have proper tail light, and head- of the Manpower Commission did
lights, or both | not act hastily. Its action was
- i.Now, Therefore Be It Resolyed, based on evidence brought to light
that the fourth Southern Confer-, at several hearings on the “labor
ence of Teamsters, assembled at draf" plan into etfect some
Memphisa.Tennensen.onthennthltime ago in ew Bedford, Conn,
rund 264 cifof darch, 1945, do resolve) m- - -s— — . . - - as —-d
could "bump” from jobs veterans,,} W7 1
" ar Loan
mous arbitration award, control of "have likewise condemned the rul-/(1nal Ket At
There is no more need for a manpower bill, such as is de
bated in Congress, than there is for another law making
counterfeiting illegal. The so-called “work or fight” bill was
introduced at the suggestion of the military authorities,
allegedly with the backing of the White House.
management committee
shemse re. into a committee of the publicized in the newspapers, was
whole for the express purpose of put into effect while Congress was
calling upon the proper.azxencies of considering compulsory legislation. ‘
Government, who are charged with n was billed as a “voluntary"]
Commenting on the situation, The Commonweal, in its latest Voice in Management
issue, said editorially: 'All this is no good portent for our of Hospital System
Saw Praneiseo. == Under ar unant-
by careful observation over a long ] labor, industry and agriculture—flatly accused administra-
period of timesthat there is consid- tion officials of conspiring toi-----------------------------------
orthe vtarindonendsaazy automo stampede Congress into pass- l the slate clean and start on a fresh
live equipment and rubber in the
ten Southern States as a result of
the failure of the proper agencies
Some time ago, an American Le-
gion official, while serving in Se-
। lective Service, put out a ruling
sustaining such “super-seniority.".
Other veterans’ organizations are j carrier truck transportation compa-
j strongly opposing the interpret*- nies of this Nation will also vitally
tion, however, contending that un affect the living conditions andi
t der it, men who served in this war
now—frozen by the Stabilization lion has been established as the
Act, frozen by Executive Orders goa, for Sef ies E War Saving: the drafting of proper bill, to be I. rr---muot. gexu '"I
’r ’ - - , w . . I ... and frozen bv the War Labor Bonds, which is also the highest +,L., Lrm+L. et+. 1.1+ i lease program in New Bedford was
on its being placed in its true relation to the good. Labor has,gent wage policy of the Govern- Bards Lttle Steel formula. "! quota 'established in any drive fortaken before the state legislattresl . "----" • - "l
much to be proud of, little to be ashamed of during the war. i ment "is plunging war production "curiously enough, the
------------ I into unnecessary embarrassments Steel formula was not meant to I
land will inevitably destroy any freeze wages. Oh, no. It was offi- 14 to June 30. However, an intensi.
‘ - fication of activities in the kale of
! Series E Bonds will begin April 9,
ernment now has the authority and agencies needed to put 1 *---—----
those unemployed in the jobs where they are needed. W orkers W in Majority
I---- ------ .-------, ----- ance with rising living coat*. It - . .
made by AFL Secretary-Treasurer provided that since price, had gone when millions of persons on payroll
George Meany on the AFLs up 16 per cent from January, 1941.! savings plane throughout the coun-
I‘.‘America United” radio program to May, 1942, wage rates should gojtry will be asked to enlarge their
lover a nation-wide NBC network, up 15 per cent too. participation as a part of the Sev-
“Well, that was almost three ‘ nth War Loan. All Series E. F
years ago and prices have skyrock- and G Savings Bonds and Series (
AM
report* literally
bers are also interested, to a greatconnection with the administration’s effort to draft workers
degree, in the general safety of the
icnov P-EGTT tn *‛E" -euVIM wnn
at their next session for‘the pur-for the purpose of lobbying Con-]
pose of bringing a proper--d-vEsten gress in support „of..compulsory New Rulino
service legislation,” the committee -----5
"We are convinced from the clear Extends Benefits
If W age Hour Act
tionssasstheypertat to safety.ot l thattneron"ahien goud Pteteameata Protection of the Wage-Hour Act
equipment and the general public failure’ af the voluntary method" was extended to hundreds of thou-
p in the various states In the South, ] •Brass hats" operated behind the sands of additional workers under
C o „ v ,u , 1. scenes on the New Bedford plan, a new interpretation made public
Be It I urther Resplyed, that, one ] which they sought to use as a “gui- this week by L Metcalfe Walling,
o themain CT the Southern nea pig," the committee gaid. I administrator of the act.
on e nc< o earns era or t Orders From Washington Walling held that the law applies
coming yer 8 A 5 ceatea Jt Was instituted on “orders from not only to employes engaged in
The Secretary stated that there1 . I °n “5 Washington” and regulations which production' of foods for shipment
is every evidence that Federal ex- j----- ------- • require the area manpower director across state lines, but also to those
to consult first with.his local labor- who produce goods used solely
j management committee were ig-1 within a state, where such products
nored. j serve interstate commerce in some
Actually, the New Bedford expe- manner.
vocacy of work-fight or work-jail legislation.” ment, the arbitrators likewise or-
Apparently agitation in favor of this bill is a part of thedered * substantial increase, in
campaign waged throughout the war by certain military i injuries and an annual report on
groups antagonistic to organized labor. They are aided, of hospital finances.
course, by all other anti-labor forces. :; great War Loans planned for 1945
. groups anafondzvatuatbaitthnyiarr-bctanke.tserikesartangMeany Demands Higher Wages The - for - — -
I war have been outlawed bv all responsible labor leaders and rn a * 1 Tk * W Ik •
I members. " OAVOldrost-War Depression
■ But the few shirkers and strikers gain more attention than 1
/.DMe
2**
JI onsannp»
■ I may. il CI
V,
the enforcement of the laws rel.t-1 “ Dtlonaqszhcnywntarvnibeenopposed.to
tn iL, in A ALi . scheme, but under it ocal WMC of- Now, apparentiy, the White House
ng to I ghts on motor ehicles to . fictals, without Consulting labor co'untinir ov. Austin in the Senate
thenend that, the propersenforee- and management, .ought to force ndrcongKessmanssamesw.wndse
; .T^KiXteX- inzra" workers to shift from textile to tire worth 0f New York in the House to
life and limb of the general driving .. crack this GOE opposition.
Washington D C-Secretary public, and also eliminate the un- Worker, rebelled at lh| Wct.c,, Austin and Wadsworth are ultra-
wasnngcon,. D. -Secretary ,sarv waste of th evita! eouan.land the champion, of a forced- reactionaries and have for years
j ment that doe. result from any ' labor law, inandlout of Congress, 1 fought every liberal measureipro-
eral agencies. Whatever the council I quotas"tor sovnt'wartan highway accident, and | seized upon the. New. Bedford epi- posed by Roosevelts administra
--- „ ------ jWU. tor the Seventh War Loan Be I Further Resolved, that in sode as "proof tha “the voluntary tion. But because they have been
imve, wnicn will he one or two the event the various agencies of Isystem has failed’ and coercive I champion, of compulsory service
_ , , _ .w Government charged with policing j legislation.was necessary.
t The. goal for the. seventh War of these highways fail to respond, Deliberately Staged .
Loan has been .set at si billion, of that the committee of the whole1
Which 87 billion is to come from in- shall then contact the Governors of ]
dividual investors. Azain.the ma- the various. State, for the purpose
ior emphasis throughout the entire of eefecting the desired enforce-
drive will be placed on the quota ment of the regulation., and !
for individuals, which is the high- | Be It Further Resolved, that in j
the event these two steps fail to
the hospital department of the ing. They maintain it misinterprets VodI • It il
Southern Pacific Railroad, under the Selective Service Act and may a 1 a I > * I I *
_ - . rigid company direction since 1868, lead to chaos in industry after the 5 | 4 Million
serious problem in an economy the size of ours, but that there will pass to » Board of Managers war.
should be any such number unemployed at a moment when i domrinattdtbysaomority ot union
the Executive insists on closing nightspots because of ‘man-1 TPnfsadditions t giving the em-
power shortages’ is a contradiction, and makes the ordinary | ployes a majority voice in the man-
.g.TTheboard"hemmea-ana high level for some time to come. Merchant Marine
_________________________„ ! war- hawed and stalled until three weeks and that the Seventh War Loan Asked By Seafarers
The union immediately declare! In his opening talk, Mr Meany ago when the public members made; program was designed to obtain » . ,• i i .i.
through Attorney Mandell that raid: (Continued on Page 4) maximum fund, necessary to pros- inte rnanonan -non
— "First, how high are wartime --------------...tj <---------cute the war from non-bank in-1
Planes
L Nazis
le German war
nother—a veri-
plane." Col. J.
the Nazis have
e-Wulf fighter
I a button may
ng gear, adjust
witch electrical
E= —=-e= H===
. board, hearing i the hearing before the seven board fer unless the masses of American i titioned the War Labor Board to
zcheduled to begin last Monday on | members, and when no compromise workers enjoy sufficient pu has recognize this fact and act accord- penditures are rent to remain at a
the dismissal by the company of could be reached, the board voted ing power to sustain full production ingly
five members of the dry dock yard four to three for a closed meeting. I after the war.
committee, , which caHed a halt in •
were described
plosive bolts.
s bolt explodes, i
canopy on one t
off bomb racks ■
c or private. 1 Labor members were last t. ,
Representatives of the labor leave the councilroom. They walked the 14 million workers who had ap-1
nions involved wanted an open ! to the Labor Temple in small i pealed for increases during a 20-1 --
meeting in order that the public groups and met for a discussion of month period amounted to less than i bor union contribution to be mad* rent income, which, in turn, means
ould be made aware of alleged the strange turn of events. Attor- | 70 cents an hour. 1
ar puzu g-cuves « avsa vuyzg w — pu.. problems
present- of millions of men and women who fore the House Committee on Mer- voluntary
‘ ** . ! committee stressed.
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Labor Messenger (Houston, Tex.), Vol. 22, No. 1, Ed. 1 Friday, March 30, 1945, newspaper, March 30, 1945; Houston, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1551707/m1/1/: accessed June 30, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu.; .