The Abilene Reporter-News (Abilene, Tex.), Vol. 76, No. 164, Ed. 1 Wednesday, November 28, 1956 Page: 5 of 34
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• money
is to feed
creditors.
Two Doctors Maintain Reds’
Brainwashing Not Permanent
Dr Wolf a psychiatrist at the New
York Hospital-Cornell Medical Cen-
ives!
(Adv.)
MG"
LK
4
103
CHICAGO—The general impres-
sion that “brainwashing” to a
scientific technique which gives
guaranteed, permanent results is
entirely false, according to two
American physicians.
The impression, however, is good
propaganda for the Communists,
according to Drs. Lawrence E.
Hinkle Jr. and Harold G. Wolff,
New York. To counteract it they
published a lengthy description of
Communist indoctrination techni-
ques in the Archives of Neurology
and Psychiatry, published by the
American Medical Association.
They collected their information
while serving as consultants to
the U. S. Department of Defense.
"Brainwashing" (a term invent-
ed by a newspaperman) is not a
new and remarkable technique of
“thought control” nor was it de-
signed by scientific investigators
on the basis of laboratory experi-
ments and controlled observations,
they said.
Combination of Methods
It does not cause any physio-
logical changes or impaired func-
tion of the brain, and it doesn't
change a peraon’s viewpoint com-
pletely or permanently in every
case.
Actually “brainwashing" is a
combination of methods of inter-
rogation and indoctrination that
Communists have long used
against "enemies of the state”
both foreigners and their own citi-
zens. Its chief features are tremen-
dous physical discomfort, pro-
found psychological pressure and
a system of rewards and punish-
ments for “good” and “bad" be-
havior.
The aim is to get a prisoner to
accept the Communist interpreta-
tion of his "guilt" and to believe
that what he confesses is actually
true under this interpretation.
It generally succeeds in causing
a prisoner to change his attitude
just enough to satisfy his captors
and relieve the "intolerable pres-
sures under which he labors," they
laid.
The exception to this is the case
of American Air Force POWs who
“confessed” to bacteriological war-
fare during the Korean conflict
These men were not “brainwash-
ad" into believing their confessions.
They confessed to things they knew
were not true, only because they
were submitted to extreme brutal-
ity and physical torture, which
are not usually a part of the in-
doctrination process.
Matter of Poor
Even the POWs who chose to
remain in China after "brainwash-
ing" were not really converted to
Communism, the authors said.
Most of them stayed largely be-
cause they were afraid of being
punished if they came home.
The authors said their report
did not primarily concern prisoners
of war, whose behavior has been
reported by the Army, Air Force
and government publications. They
merely noted that in every case
investigated, the POW’s behavior
had "an understandable basis.”
Their description mainly covers
civilian prisoners—Russian, Chinese
and Western—in both Russia and
Communist China.
In the cero of Western civilians,
successful brainwashing is limited,
they said. Prisoners who are “con-
verted” usually readjust when re-
leased During long isolation from
their own world they see no evi-
dence to contradict what their cap-
ten tell them After release, and
when the prisoner is free of the
threat of punishment, he begins
to compare prison beliefs with ac-
tual evidence, and generally
shifts back into his pre-prison at-
titudes. "Lively" memories of pri-
son punishment often make former
prisoners bitterly anti-Communist
Even those Western civilians who
emerged from prison as apparent-
ly well-indoctrinated Communists
eventually reverted to their pre-
vious ideas. These persons seemed
to have been more easily ''brain-
washed" than others, and have
been found to have similar back-
grounds and psychological make-
ups Most of them had previously
rebelled against home and family,
had few ties with their homeland,
and had generally identified them-
selves with “the underdog " Most
had lived in China or had beer
strongly interested in it. Many had
been sympathetic to Communism
before imprisonment, although they
were not party members.
Different Aims
The Chinese Communist methods
are similar to Russian Communist
techniques revised from the cen-
turies-old Czarist police system.
The major difference is that the
Chinese Communists aim at de-
veloping a long-lasting change in
attitude and behavior which will
continue after release from prison.
The Russians, who use their meth-
ods largely in handling their own
political prisoners, aim at getting
a “confession" to be used as a
basis for ■ immediate punishment
or propaganda.
The procedure following arrest
of a civilian, which is roughly the
same in China or Russia, was
described by the authors. Before
the prisoner can be “tried" and
'sentenced" he must sign a con-
fession of his crimes. Frequently
he doesn’t know what they are
other times be has done things
which under Communist law are
crimes but under his awn laws
• if he is a foreigner) are not
In this case the indoctrination is
aimed at getting him to accept the
idea that Communist law applies
, to him and therefore he is guilty
of the alleged crime. (This was
the major factor in the confessions
of such prisoners as Cardinal
Mindszenty and William Oatis.)
Methods
Prison methods chiefly involve
• isolation, utter boredom, anxiety,
uncertainty about the future, fa-
tigue, insufficient food, lack of
Mp, and rejection, hostile treat- It is equally necessary for him to
ent and intolerable psycho-
maintain a satisfactory relationship
with other people.
When any of these relationships
are disturbed, unpleasant feelings
develop which make a man want
to act in some way to restore bal-
ance. If the disturbance is strong
enough a man will "do anything"
to end it. During indoctrination
tar. Their sources of information
included experts in the areas in-
volved, direct observation of re-
leased prisoners, Army and Air
Force investigators and various
laboratory and clinical investiga-
tions. ■
Bogart In Hospital
For Nerve San
surgery last March far removal M) C A THE ABILENE REPORTER NEWS
a growth aa his esophagus - the PA Abilene, Texas, Wednesday Morning, November a. 1956
gullet, a tube from throat --------------------------------------------------------------
logical pressure from the interro-
gator, including unexplained ab-
rupt shifts from angry pressure
to friendliness. The prisoner is
shown that reward and approval
(usually lessening to physical dis-
comforts or psychological pressure)
will be given if he agrees to his
captors’ ideas. The Chinese Com-
munists also apply pressure by . _ __-__
pitting prisoners against each other it is to "confess." Actually, before
in group imprisonment, "confessing" the prisoner goes
Disturbing a man's relation to through a process of rationaliza-then backed up, not once, but
tion in which he convinces himself twice to hit him "like a battering
that what he confesses is true and ram.”
is not just an escape. Sometimes Police booked 48 - year-old
he remains convinced indefinitely, George Latta on charges of oper-
especially if threatened with fur- ating a streetcar while intoxicat-
ther punishment. Generally, how- ed
Driver Loaded!
Trolley Emply!
SAN FRANCISCO un - There
was Arthur Miller waiting in his
BANTA MONICA, Calif. in — ly successful.”
Humphrey Bogart is in St. John's
Hospital for treatment of a nerve
pressure condition which followed
a cancer oporation.
stomach.
Bogart said later la an inter-
view that the operation was "high-
A statement from his doctor
his environment is at the root of
The 55-year-old actor underwent
the prisoner comes to realize that
the only thing he can do to end
car for the light to turn green
when — wham! — a streetcar
banged him from behind.
Miller, 39 told police the car
gery." The physician said he dents’ Conference says his group
didn't know how long Bagart
would be in the hospital.
seeks a 22, per cent freight rate
increase, and not 15 per cent as
the Interstate Commerce Com-
mission believes. David Mackie
said Bogart was admitted yester- Increase Sought
day tor-treatment of nerve root *
pressure due to excessive scar
formation following previous sur- of the Eastern Railroads Presi-la 7 per cent increase.
NEW YORK (—The chairman
said his group will file amend-
ments to previous petitions with
the ICC. Southern railroads seek
jtmai
LOOK FOR THE MARK OF QUALITY
the method's success, the authors
said. They explained that man
is a living system entirely de-
pendent on keeping a satisfactory
relationship with his total environ-
ment, including satisfactory main-
tenance of body temperature, in-
take of food, liquids and air, eUmi-
nation of waste, rest and activity.
ever, once released from prison
he reverses the process and re- George Woolf, Eddie Arcaro and
turns to his original thinking.
Ted Atkinson each won the Pimlico
Dr. Hinkle is an internist and Special three times.
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The Abilene Reporter-News (Abilene, Tex.), Vol. 76, No. 164, Ed. 1 Wednesday, November 28, 1956, newspaper, November 28, 1956; Abilene, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1654295/m1/5/: accessed July 16, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu.; crediting Abilene Public Library.