The Galveston Daily News. (Galveston, Tex.), Vol. 51, No. 277, Ed. 1 Monday, December 26, 1892 Page: 3 of 8
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THE GALVESTON DAILY NEWS, MONDAY, DECEMBER 2G. 1892.
ALMOST CREATED A RIOT.
A SHOOTING THAT WILL PROBABLY
BE FATAL
An Unknown Man's Suicide—How Christmas
Day and Night Were Spent—Looal
Notes and Personal Matters.
COBBESl'ONDENTS'
liotol.
Headquarters — Capitol
liUSlNKRS AND circulator's office, 92 Main
fctrret, under Capitol liotol. For tho rocoption of
ndvortifomonte and where eubscrihors failing to
roceivo tliuir pap«r8 will ploano report.
Houston, Tex., Dec. 25.—These was a good
deal of excitement in the lower part of the
Second ward to-day over n shooting scrape
that may result in the death of a colored boy.
It sems from tho most reliable sources of in-
formation that the boy got into some trouble
with a negro man named Tanner Holmes.
Tho boy was only about twelve years old, and
when the fight came on ho used a short 22-
caliber pistol, with which he shot Holmes in
the hand. The wound was not dangerous, but
nerved to enrage Holmes greatly, and he
raught the boy, took the pistol from him, and
us'ng it, shot him through the head, the ball
entering ono ear and passing out near tho
other. At a late hour this evening the boy
was still alive.
The shooting and fight created a great
deal of excitement. Holmes, the shootist,
sought his home in the vicinity and the police
were called, but upon their arrival Holmes
appeared at his door with a double-barreled
shotgun and defied them. Soon there were
three policemen on the scene, and while thoy
were planning a mode of attack others came
up and the negro, realizing that thoy were fast
getting too strong for him, with pistol and gun
in hand.mado a run to escape. The police
and a large crowd of negroes pursued him and
several shots were fired by the officers and the
fugitive, but no one was hurt. Holmes started
along the Santa Fo track toward tho bayou,
olearly intending to cross on tho Santa Fe
bridge, but the bridge watchman appeared
ahead of him, determined to dispute his pas-
sage. The fugitive fired two shots at
him, but instead of attempting to
cross turned down tho south bank of the
bayou toward tho International and Great
Northern bridge, the officers stilt following
him. Just below the latter bridge he disap-
peared from sight and could not bo found
anywhere. A successful dash for liberty had
been made by tho negro. The officers in tho
meantime had arrested Tom Holmes, brother,
and Bertie Holmes, sister of the fugitive, for
attempting to defeat the officers in tho arrest
of Tanner Holmes, and for also assisting him
in making his escape. Bertie had a large
case knife and Tom had a loaded shotgun
when arrested. They were escorted to the
police station and locked up. Tom claims
that I10 knew that his brother Tanner was
drinking and he himself was trying to got
him to submit to arrest, to prevent
trouble. Before the trouble was
over the following officers were on the scene:
Hy Thompson, deputy marshal; Officers Fred
Erichson, Ben McCarthy, John Frane, Key
Nelson and one or two others.
The excitement and shooting attracted sev-
eral hundred people and gave rise to a report
up town that there was a not in progress down
there.
Tom Holmes, who was arrested, has been
here many years, but Tanner come from Fort
Bend county about two years ago.
To-night tho polico received information
that Tanner HolmeB, colored, who shot J.
Calder, the colored boy, had entered a house
in the Second ward. In a few minutes six
men were down there and searched several
houses, but failed to find the fugitive. Par-
ties who Baw him are positivo that ho entered
one of the houses and had two allies with
him.
Lecture by Mr. E. W. Brown.
Subject: "When Jesus was born."
After a very interesting service, at which
the lads gave out the Christmas hymns and
two young ladies read tho two accounts of the
Saviour's birth, Mr. Brown substantially spoke
as follows:
We have read that when Jesus was born
the angels sang, and that his star appeared in
the east, and though perhaps no direct evi-
dence can be produced in support of the
etory, yet it is a reasonable ono, for if birth is
all that is claimed for it, and I think it is, if
being born is to enter into life, then
not only did the angels sing for Jesus, but
they sung for us and for everyone
entering existence conscious and etornal; and
not only did his star ascend in the east but
ours also and al 1 men's, charged with the pre-
sage of desting and hope. The angels still
King and they who listen may hear the music;
the star of Bethlehem still ascends in its ma-
jesty and glory and they who are wise may see
it and follow it to where the Saviour is en-
shrined.
These heavenly and celostial doings are the
evidences and witnesses of
1. That a son is born into the world. In the
case of Jesus it was the elder, the first born
Eon, the peculiar and blessed son of the fath-
er's bosom. In our cases it is the birth of the
ordinary children of the father's love, each
one adding to tho father's joy. To be born, is
to bo a son; to be a son, is to have a father;
to have a father, is to have a hofne; this earth,
world, universe is the father's homo, the chil-
dren's home, and it is his wish and desire that
we should all feel at home and indeed be at
home in our father's house. We are of tho
name kind and nature as he, for his naturo ho
has bestowed upon ub, and in degree we may
approach him as we aro able, for I can con-
ceive no limit to man's capacity to receive, or
to God'6 capacity to give, his own nature in
perpetuity.
2. In our Lord's case, that a hero and a
Saviour became a possibility; and so in our
cbbo also, heroism and salvation aro ours to
manifest and proclaim. In proportion as his
birth, his heroism, his saviorship ia under-
Btood, appreciated and made our own, bo is
our own birth understood, our horoism
brought nigh, our abilities of blessing multi-
plied.
.1. That at his birth, and also at all men's,
is the supreme miracle of heaven performed.
Life, the beginning of it, tho birth of poten-
tiality Is the greatest miracle of time or
eternity. The infant Saviour was at his birth
all that he afterward became, tho King of
Kings, the Lord of Lords; not that he was yet
crowned, but because the coronation became
possible; and we are at our birth, men,
women, angels, not that wo have yot con-
quered in the fight, but because to us the
crown of life is possible.
Ad Unknown Commits Suicide.
This morning about 8 o'clock a colored man
found tho body of a white man under a clump
of trees opposite William Keiler's place in the
lower part of the Second ward.
Juatice of tho Peace Mahonoy was notified,
and when he reached the spot found tho body
lying on its left side in a pool of biood. In
the right hand was grasped a 32-caliber rim
fire pistol, and both the hand and pistol were
covered with blood. In the head botween
the eyes was a hole where a bullet had en-
tered, and a hole also in the top of the head
where it had come out. Tho man was about
46 yeam of age, but his nationality could not
be determined, though Justice Mahoney is in-
clined to think he was a Gorman. Tho neck
was badly decomposed and tho eyes powder
burned, the indication being that the man
had boen dead since yesterday or Friday
"'ght. He wore a tolerably good suit of
clothes and was evidently a laboring man.
On his person was found $12 75 in money
and an open face silver watch, the hands of
which had stopped at tt.47 o'clock. In an en-
velope was found a second-class railroad ticket
from Houston to St. Louis, sold and stamped
on December 23 at the Houston oity ticket
office of the Southern Pacific, and in the same
envelope waB a written receipt for $2, received
from the clerk of the Second precinct of New
Orleans, signed "Andreas Margosdart." This
all that he had on his person, and the re-
ceipt is the only clew to his identity, and that
may prove worthless.
Justice Mahoney'n verdict was that the un-
known had suicidod. Tho body was taken
charge of and brought into the city by Wall
P. Stabo, from which place it will ha interred
to-morrow.
Against Kxlendlng tlio Limits.
Houston, Tex., Doe. 25,—To tho people oir-
cumjacont to tho city of Houston: I beg tho
courtesy of The News to publish this article,
and tho evening papers of Houston to repro-
duce it. Tho efforts of tho Post, tho rocog-
ni/.ed organ of corporations and capital, to
extend the city limits of Houston for tho pur-
pose of taxing labor and production for thoir
banofit and that of speculators and boomers,
should be Ihwartod if possible. It is simply
intended to got the property and people inside
for the purpose of taxation. Tho plain un-
varnished truth is, it is prorneditatod robbory
of the milk man, the butcher, the vegetable
and truck gardener, tho poultry man and
overybody else engaged in producing food for
tho people. You tax them from $7 50 to $50
cach per month for the priviloge of bringing
food to the people now. You havo already re-
quiring improvements within a very few
miles of 300 inside tho limits and you have spent
millions, yes millions, of hard enrned dollars
taken from the people and you have not to-
day four miles of paved streets nor ten miles
of decent sidewalks.
At tho rate you have gone it will cost $5000
per block or $80,000 per mile to pave and aide-
walk thesq 288 miles (approximate), which
costs in tho aggregate over $23,000,000, when
your assessment roll does not show much over
one half that amount as the value of tho
whole city. How long aro you going to bo
about it?
At the rate you are going on Texas avonuo,
of a block in five or six months, you will be
over three years finishing up the first nnle of
that street. There are about ninety-six
streets, or would bo if tho city was more reg-
ularly laid off, but there are unfortunately
more than that, each of the length of three
miles, and at the rate of ono inile in eight
years we have the comfortable prospect of
seeing about four miles to the generation com-
pleted, and if wo could live 2300 years wo
might see what you now have incorporated
finished.
Seriously, though, stop and think a minute.
If the city valuation wore twenty millions, a
tax of 2 per cent would raise only $400,000.
At the rate of even $50,000 a mile you could
only pave and sidewalk eight miles per an-
num, and at that rate maintained unbroken it
would require twelve years to complete tho
city you have now. Surely you cannot mean
to bring these useful, working, valuable peo-
ple inside for the sole purpose of taxing them
without giving them any return. If you give
them a pro rata of improvement what good
have you done those presently incorporated?
Let the county tako care of those on the
outside. A system of public road improve,
ment and building is now about to bo begun,
and if you take in these peopio they lose tho
benefit of county care and get the miserable
stepmother which has neither means nor dis-
position to help them, or anybody else except
contractors and their pilot-fish, who seem to
be in the swim. Beat them, good people, if
it requires a barroi of 68-eont money to sus-
tain a vigilant, activo committee at Austin
during the entire sitting of the legislature.
Get together, you people on the outsido;
hold your meetings and protest against being
swallowed up by this ruthless shark.
Municipal corporations are a burden and a
cesspool of corruption. They are unnecessary
except to political bums and street corner
swashbucklers. Thoy are the Bhambles into
which tho sheep are led for shearing. Tho
federal, state and county governments may bo
necessary, but they aro necessary evils inci-
dent to society; more than this cometh of the
meanest, stinkingest sort of evil and devil-
ment.
Don't let them imprison you and then rob
you. Gustave Cook.
Held an Inquest.
This forenoon Justice Schwandor was called
upon and held an inquest on the body of Sam
Morris, colored, whose home was below the
city on the Columbia tap road. The testi-
mony of the wife and tho person who found
tho body showed that Sam had left home
about 5 o'clock a. m. for town, and about 7
o'clock his doad body was found in a culvert
under the Columbia tap track. It was par-
tially under water, tho face downward. There
were no marks of violence and the coroner
concluded that he must havo been walking the
ties across the culvert, lost his footing, foil in
and was drowned. The force of the fall, per-
haps, knocked him insensible, as the water
was not deep enough to drown anyone who
would attempt to save himself. Tho justice
of the peace gave the family permission to
tako the body to their home.
Foantful the Boys.
At 11 o'clock to-night the conductors, mo-
tormen and other employes of the street rail-
way company gathered at the power house on
Austin and Commercial streets, not as they do
every night, to turn in their cars, but as they
have done every Christmas night to enjoy a
feast given to them by the company. This
evening covers wero laid for 150 people, and
the feast surpassed any that the company has
ever given. The decorations wero in keeping
with the time and occasion and were admir-
able. Toasts wore offered and responded to
in the happiest vein, and the feast lasted to a
late hour. In addition to the solids were
many bottles of light wine.
The special feature of tho supper was tho
presentation of a handsome chair by the em-
ployes to Superintendent Hundles. Appro-
priate speeches wero made by the spokesman
of tho donors and the superintendent himself.
At the Hotels.
To-day a number of prominent visitors to
the city were entertained at dinner at the Cap-
itol hotel by the genial host, Mr. George Mc-
Ginley. It was a superb spread and could
have been equaled by but few hotols in tho
south or west. The menu cards had boon im-
ported for the occasion from New York and
were beautiful, unique and appropriate. The
attractive feature was a lithographed scene of
Christmas day in the north. Tho edibles
wero beautiful, of the choicest kinds and pre-
pared by a master chef.
There was an excellent dinner at tho Hutch-
ins house and another at the Grand Certral by
the gonial J ames Lawlor, who entertained a
number of friends.
Funeral of Austin George.
The funeral of Austin P. George, who died
yesterday morning, took place at 10 o'clock
to-day from the residence of A. A. Jourde in
the Fifth ward. The attendance was quite
large and many were the tears shed by loving
friends, some of whom had known him from
childhood. The intormont occurred in Glen-
wood cemetery.
Mrs. Daisy George, wife of the deceased
gentleman, wishes The News to express her
heartfelt thanks to those friends of her hus-
band who did bo much to make hiB last hours
easy, and who have nobly assisted her in vari-
ous ways since his disability.
Theft of a Purse.
In the big market last evening Mrs. J. P.
Hunter, while making purchases, was robbed
of her purse containing several dollars. The
lady was very much upset because it was done
so soon after she had used the purse and so
shortly before she wanted to uso it again. Tho
interval was covered by not more than two
minutes and it was difficult for her to realize
that the adroitnesB of the pickpocket iiad
grown so great as to accomplish it in that tamo
without her having the ioast knowledge of it.
Two or three gentlemen looked aroumd
quickly for any suspicious character, but they
couid find none.
The Saengerbund Entertainment.
This evening in their pretty hall,, corner of
Preston avenue and Caroline streets, the
members of the Saengerbund gave their an-
nual Christmas entertainment, and it was a
moat gratifying success. Tho programme
embraced choruses and solos by the members,
several instrumental pieces and a very catch-
ing performaneii by old Santa Claus, who
gave from a beautiful Christmas tree several
hundred presents. The troo was loaded to tho
full meaBiiro of its gtrongth and many pretty
gifts wore handed out by his potency of tho
hoary locks. After tho gifts were all distrib-
uted music for tho dance was started, and
thus tho fostivitios were continued to a lato
hour. It was a happy evont from beginning
to ciobo.
La M to Ilimt,
This aftornoon at 2.30 o'clock the funeral
of the lato Mrs. Mittie .McQooon, wifo of Mr.
W, L. McQueon, occurred from the rosidonco
of her parents, Rev. and Mrs. J. C. Waddill.
The remains wore takon to St. Mary's Episco-
pal church, when the funoral service* were held
by Kev. II. 1'. VlOkbofn, tho rei tor, assisted
by Kev. H. 1). Avos, rector of Christ church.
Many friends of tho deceased lady, who had
known and loved her for the ondearing quali-
ties she possessed, as well as friends of tho
family, woro presont at the church and at the
grave.
Turn Vereili Celebration.
The members of tho Houston Turn verein
will give a grand Christmas oolebration Tues-
day evening at thoir hall. Tho hall will be
prettily decorated and the feast will bo for
members and their friends for whom they
obtain invitations and tickets from the secre-
tary, Mr. M. Kattman.
Tho programme will consist of songs, reci-
tations, instrumental music and the distribu-
tion of gifts to members and the children.
Lvery child will Vie given a present. The fes-
tivities will be closed by dancing, that will bo
continued to a lato hour.
An Excellent Dinner,
In perpetuation of a laudable custom, to-
day Mr. Charles Dumbler gave a dinner to his
family an.l the employes of his establishment
on t ongress avonuo. '1 he tables woro loaded
with good things, and there were about thirty-
five peopio around the board. There wero
present several friends of Mrs. Dumbier and
her daughter, Miss Freda. Several toasts
were offered and appropriately answered, and
thus employer and employes wero brought
closer together.
Shot lit the Officer.
Special Officer Sullivan at the Santa Fe
depot last night arrested a negro who was
carrying a pistol. The negro fired two shots
at the officer.
Town Notes.
It will be a week before Judge Sam H.
Brashe'ar will move into the office of the dis-
trict judge in the court house.
There will be a council meeting to-morrow
afternoon at the usual hour, and sevoral im-
portant matters will be disposed of.
A 14-year-old boy was thrown from his horse
in front of the German cemetery this after-
noon and had his arm badly hurt. His name
could not be learned.
A new firm has beon formed in town to con-
duct a hospital for the cure of patients by tho
bichloride of gold treatment. The mombors
are C. A. Williamson, John J. McKenna and
W. J. Perry.
This noon tho members of the Left Hand
Fishing club celebrated Christmas in their
rooms in the opera house building by having
a large Christmas tree. Every member was
given a present. Papa Mitchell officiated as
Santa Claus and soveral speeches wore made
during the distribution of presents. All had
a good time.
It should havo beon stated in this morning's
paper that Judge S. H. Brashear acted upon
his second case as district judge yesterday. It
was that of Mary Smith vs. fiobort Smith. It
was heard in chambers. The order of injunc-
tion was modified so that sales in the discharge
of business could bo made and the plaintiff
was granted $50 por month alimony. Tho
order for contempt was dismissed.
The police have in their possession a valu-
able gold band bracelet Bovon-eighths of an
inch wido, enamolled with flowers, patent
slide catch through tho ond of tho bracelet,
patont dated September 13, 1870. It cost
when new $45. It was taken from Charles
Moore alias G. H. Denton, lately from Kan
Antonio, also trom Durango, Col. Moore is
now in jail and the bracelet can be seen at tho
police station, being held for identification.
Personal.
J. L. Bonney spent to-day in tho Island
city.
Major Nick Haux of Hempstoad is in tho
city.
Louis Torrey and wife of Dallas are to-day
here on a Christmas visit to their mother,
Mrs. Mary F. Torroy of Fannin street and
Capitol avenue.
Miss Edna Blackshear of Kloin came down
to meet her sister, Miss Nannie Blackshear,
who has been teaching in Cedar Bayou, and
togethor thoy returned home to spend the hol-
idays.
RANGE ROUNDUPS.
Cattle ahipmentB from the ranges of tho
southwest continue, and the number going out
to pasture in the east and west is limited only
by the ability of tho railroad companies to
furnish cars. There will be a feast for tho
cattle left in the territory next year should
there bo sufficient rain to causo a good growth
of grass. |Naw Mexico Stock Grower.
We believe there are not over 4,500,000 cat-
tle in Texas at the present time. Compared
with the numbor in the Btate two years ago tho
per cent of decrease is very great, and with
this great shortage and plenty of grass for
those that are left, it seems to us cattle values
must advance in this state. [Texas Stock-
man.
A rumor recently wont around that a disease
had broken out among tho cattle of southern
Arizona, especially in the Salt river valley,
and that cattle wero dying by hundreds.
Many thought it was Texas fever, but investi-
gation showed that the reported cases of fe-
ver were nothing more than cattle suffering
from the effects of bad water in some of the
pastures, from which some had died. The
deaths among the cattle in Pima nnd Cochiso
counties aro due to starvation. [Field and
Farm.
We understand that the Miller Live Stock
company has arranged a system of rango
ridmgon their Milk river range by which tho
cattle will be kept from drifting, nnd the work
of next season's roundups bo considerably
facilitated. A systematic attempt is also being
made to suppress tho wild animal nuisance,
and tho matter of keeping open water holes
wherever practicable is also receiving atten-
tion. These features of tho cattle raising in-
dustry are gradually being adopted by those
who propose to remain permanently in tho
business, and will be looked upon with favor
by those who wish to secure the best results.
[Fort Benton Press.
George W. West, a big cattleman of Live-
oak county, Tex., reports the range good and
stock doing well, llo thinks cattle values aro
bound to advanee.andsnys there is notonough
cattle in Texas to stock tho ranges, which m
the future will prove to be a good thing for tho
cattle industry, as the cattle that go to market
will go there fat. Mr. West says that several
years ago he used to brand 10,000 calves each
year, and now he brands only about 1000 head
a year. This per cent of reduction, he says,
holds good on most ranches of tho state. An-
other healthy sign is that buyers are hunting
cattle. Until recently the cattiemen had to
hunt the buyors. Altogether he thinks the out-
look of tho cattle industry in Texas to be very
bright. [Kansas City Live Stock Indicator.
IW BAXL.Y USES.
Mr. Michael Higgins, Belcher &
Tkp Taylor Agricultural
Tool Co., Chicopee
Best. Falls> Mass., writes:
" This company has
used
ST. JACOBS OIL
for years for their men for burns,
cuts and bruises, and
we know of nothing
that compares with it." ■"QUSIa
BLACK ROT OF THE GRAPE,
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STA-
TION BULLETIN NO. 23.
Life, History and Treatment of This Dis-
ease—How It May Be Deteoted,
and How Guarded Against.
All bullotins of this station aro if sued froo.
Anyone intorosted in any branch of agriculture
may havo his uarao placed on our permanent
mailing list and hccure future numbers by appli-
cation to geoboe w. l i it i is, Director,
College Station, Brazos Co., Tex,
In requesting bulletin write name and address
plainly.
The following interesting bulletin on black
rot of tho grape, from tho proof shoots of
Prof. R. H. Price of the Texas experiment
station, will be of decided interest to grapo
growers generally:
Perhaps no other subject in vegetable pa-
thology has attracted so wide attention since
1885 as tho black rot of tho grape and its treat-
ment. This may be duo to tlio serious loss it
has given grape growers, the number of forms
of its spores, the associated spores of phoma
flaccidia and phoma reniformis and the ex-
periments with different preparations for its
prevention. It has no less than sixteen syno-
nyms* arising partly from its number of
spore forms, all of which may not appear at
the same placo nor at the same time.
With a view of studying its life history, a
microscopic study of its dormant period and
early growth forms was begun by the writer
during the winter of 1891-2 while an assistant
at the Virginia experiment station in the de-
partments of botany and horticulture. Tho
microscopic study has been continued hero
with the discovery of the sp rmagonia and the
associated forms, phoma flaccidia and phoma
reniformis, which I could not find in Virginia
at that time. During the throe previous sum-
mers I had been much interested in the prep-
aration and application of dillorent fungicides
for its prevention and noting their effects upon
the fruit and foliage of the vine.
Seeing the seriousness of the mildews at tho
station hero [Texas] with some appearance of
black rot, and receiving a number of letters
from growers in different parts of tho state in
regard to black rot and other diseases of the
grape, led mo to select this most injurious dis-
ease upon the grapo and publish tho results of
my study of it and its treatment, believing
that the same treatment for black rot, if prop-
erly applied, can now be safely recommonded
for the brown rot, the powdory mildew, and
the authracnose as well.
While this department is somowhat prelim-
inary in its nature, in that tho work of ger-
minating tho sporos and infecting tho foliage
with the different sporos was not carried as
far as was wished, yet the results reached so
far and recommendations here given, will, it
is hoped, bo beneficial to growers, and thoy
are given now in order that they may benefit
them the coming season. It might bo stated,
however, that during the investigations access
has been had to reports of investigations of
the disease by the division of vegetablo path-
ology,United Statos department of agriculture,
and the French works of Prof. P. Viala and
his assistant, M. L. Kavas, tho latter kindly
loaned me by Prof. B. T. Galloway, Washing-
ton, D. C.
Tho botanical description is nocessarily
somewhat technical in its nature; still it is
hoped that it will be made so plain as to ena-
ble any intelligent farmer to detect the ap-
poaranco of this malady in his vineyard; and
knowing something of its life history he
would thereby be prepared to prevent its seri-
ous ravages.
HISTORY.
The black rot of the grapo is of American
origin. It occurs upon various species of
grapes growing wild in American forests.
Specimens of it were collected in Alabama 111
1853. Its first appearance in France was not
noted till 1885. Since the above mentioned
dates its ravages havo been very serious, in
fact so much so upon oiauy of the labrusca
and tho riparia families iu particular as to
lead many to discard these valuable "table
families" from their vineyards.
nature of the DISEASE.
Black rot is caused by the growth of a plant
upon the affected parts of the grape. This
plant can only be seen with a microscope. It
belongs to a group of plants known as fungi—
that part of tho group fungi known as parasitic
fungi. The plant body (called mycelium)
consists of threads which ramify through tho
tissues of the affected parts, causing discolora-
tions, breaking down of the calls and finally
shriveling of tho berry.
Infection takos placo by the germination
of a spore. This sporo corresponds to a seod
in higher plants. A fungus may have sovoral
forms of spores, oach capable of reproducing
the parent plant. Specialized inycoliutn
which boars these different spores hasdill'eront
names. In black rot we havo sclerotic, spor-
mogonia, pycnidia and perithocia, each pro-
ducing a different Bporo.
The discussion of the dormant poriod of tho
disease and early growth forms of the spores
and sporo bearing bodies follows in the order
seen irom a study of a diseased bunch gath-
ered in tho vineyard at tho Virginia experi-
ment station February 11,1892.
When gathered, many affected bunches
were yet adhering to the vines with most of
the berries still attached to the pedicels. The
color of the berries varied from dark brown
to almost black. They had shriveled to about
two-thirds their normal size, tho skin in most
instances being vory dark and dry, and
•'raised into strong, prominent and irregular
ridges, pressing closely upon the seeds."
Bluish black,very miuute prominences (pus-
tules) wore showing thickly ovor the surface
of most of the berries. A few showed none.
These minutos pustules can bo soon with the
unaided eye and quite plainly with a common
hand glass.
culture work.
Various methods of cultivating tho three
forms mentioned were tried. But little suc-
cess was had in cultivating them in water,
agar-agar, or in grapo dccoction made of the
leaves, owing mostly to the growth of associ-
ated fungi. The greatest success was hat' by
letting the forms fruit in the wholo berry.
For this purpose specimens of the diseased
fruit were washed in a solution of 100 e. c.
of water and one grin, sodium hypo-sulphite
to destroy epiphytic fungi. Afterward thoy
were placed in tho greenhouse on sterilized
sea-sand and kept under a bell glass and prop-
erly moistened with distilled water. From
these specimens the development of the
early stages of tho disease was
studied, also a parallel series of observations
was made upon specimens in tho vineyard.
Aftor the diseased berries had been kept in
the green house three days tho mycelium
disappeared from inside the tissuo. The
temperature ranged from 50 degrees to 80
dogreos Fah. In eight days the sclerotal
bodios began to fruit. They had burst the
epidermis of the grape, and in many instances
wero Bonding out conidiophores (specialized
mycelium) from their upper portions. At
this stage the sclerotia were rather moro
oblong than the pycnidia or perithecia and
showed a nearly vacant space in tho lower
portion of the sciorotal mass of mycelium.
They aro dark concepacles of closely woven
mesh like mycelium growing lighter towards
the center.
The conidiophores arise near the tops or
upper portions of the sclerotia. They aro of a
dirty brown color, becoming lighter near tho
tips where the conidia aro borne. Tho coni-
diophores are plainly septate. They often
seem to have some direct connection with tho
center of the sclerotia.
The conidia are oval hyaline bodies, borno
acropetally on tho conidiophores. Tho longi-
tudinal diameter is about one-third groater
than tho transverse diameter. These spores
germinated in water on a slide under a cover
glass in five days, the temperature varying
from 50 degrees to 75 degrees Fahrenheit. If
the temperature had been kept higher no
doubt they would have germinated quicker.
The mycelium starts mostly from one end of
tho spore—occasionally it starts from both
*See Dep. Act., Bot. Div., sec. of Vegetable
Pathology, bulletin No. 7. n. 17
ends. It is hyaline (transparent) and shows
no septa.
the pycnidia.
The pyenidium is a nearly round concopta-
cle in which the pyenospores aro borno. Its
structure consists of a dense outer wall of
closely woven dark mycelium, becoming
lighter toward the center, where it is com-
posed of alight, viscid and almost structure-
less mass of protoplasm. This structure
in the ccntor is due to the crowded con-
dition of tho immaturo spores. As tho
spores developo they grow darker. The
pycnidia burst tho epidermis of tho berry in a
similar manner to tho sclerotia.
Pyenospores began to develop in tho
pycnidia after the diseased berrieB wero kept
in the green house four days.
The mycelium, which forms the outer walls
of the pycnidia, seems to bo the same in
structure as that of tho sclerotia or perithecia.
Tho manner in which the sporos are borne in
the pycnidia clearly distinguishes them from
the sclerotia or perithecia. They aro borno
on the apices of short hyaline basidia, which
grow from tho sides of the pyenidium and
point toward its center. As the pyenospores
develop they grow darker—when mature they
are dark brown.
Mature pyenospores were observed after the
diseased berries wero kept in the green house
six days. Spores were being ejected through
the ostiolium (oponing) in immense numbers
when the diseasod berries wero immorsed in
water a short while after tho sporos had
matured. The gradual pressure of the fruit-
ing forms against the epidermis of the grapo
during their growth causos it to burst. This
oponing of the epidermis above the fruiting
forms, with their loose structure at this point,
admits of easy exit to tho spores.
After tho sections had lain in water two or
threo days a slight pressure upon the cover
glass would causo the pycnidia and porithecia
to open down into their interior, leaving no
obstruction whatever to tho exit of tho pyenos-
pores and the asci. This Ioojo structure of
pyenidium at its apex, together with tho
crowded condition of tho spores, rendorsthem
easily effected during damp weather; after-
ward they may be borno away by tho wind to
infect other vinos. During all tho work and
aftor many observations, they could not bo
found issuingthrough tho ostiolium at the apex
of tho pyenidium in tho "form of a contin-
uous and twisting white thread.'' Howover,
Prof. Scribnor states that ''this mauner of
protrusion is probably not constant."
The general shape of the pyenospore is
slightly ovoid. A few aro sperical. Their
walls are much heavier and darkor than thoso
of tho conidia and their size is about three
times larger. Their nuclei and granules of
protoplasm show quite plainly. Their germi-
nation is Himilar to that of the conidia, while
tho mycelium is much darker and is septate,
becoming hyaline at tho growing tip. When
placed in water they germinated in threo days
—temperature varying from 50 to 75 degrees
Fah.
the perithecia, or ascioerous form.
While tho dormant ponthoeium is practical-
ly the samo iu structure as tho pyenidium, its
shape is moro ovoid and its outer wall is less
donso at the apex, where the asci mostly issue.
The asci (sporo sacs| grow from a dense whito
viscid hyineuium in the lower part of the pori-
thecium. They are erect and point towards
the apex of the porithociuin. The donso struc-
ture of tlio waits of the porithecia and tho
crowdod condition of the asci often causo tho
asci near the walls to curve in their upward
growth and to accommodate themselves to
their surroundings. The asci are often forced
out at the sides of the peritheeium and present
an irregular curvod shape.
At first the asci aro filled with donse granu-
lar protoplasm which becomes light brown in
color and differentiates into spores during the
growth of the asci. When mature tho walls of
the asci are quito transparent, and the outlines
aro not easily distinguished. They are oblong,
clavato bodieSj possessing eight ascopores.
Often they project some distanco out from tho
walls of tho peritheeium before they eject
their spores. The spores occur in the asci in
pairs, which condition makes them somewhat
hemispherical whilo in the asci. If they bo
ejected from tho asci before they have boen
detached irom cach other long, they hold this
hemispherical shape a day or two after they
issue, at which timo they assume thoir normal
shape. The normal shape is oblong, abruptly
swollen near the middle portion, and some-
what irregular in outline. The linear diame-
ter is nearly twice that of tho transverse.
After tho diseased berries had boon kept in
tho greon house five days the asci began to
develop. Mature ascosporos were found in
the asci fourteen days after tho diseased
grapes wore planted iu the green house.
The ascospores were kept in wator under a
cover glass oight days without generating, the
temperature being the same as that for tho
germination of the pyenospores.
observations made on the grapes in the
vineyard.
March 4. Observations made on grapes
brought from the vineyard at this date showed
the sclerotia to bo fruiting.
March 23. After a snow had lain on tho
ground ono week and tho temperature had
been down to 12 degrees Fahrenheit, pyenos-
pores wore found to bo ejected in abundanco.
April 29. Mature ascospores were found.
paraph vue9 [?]
Dark, thread-liko articulated bodies woro
found occurring with the asci in specimens
brought from tho groen iioubo April 29. It re-
quired some pressure upon the cover glass to
force them out. They wero found only three
times. They varied in length; many wero
about two-thirds as long as tho asci, whilo
others were much shorter. Tho transverse
diameter was about one-half that of a maturo
aseus, becoming loss near tho apex, tho sopta
showing clearly. Nearly all tho segmonts wero
somewhat oval, rather abruptly broad at tho
base, becoming much narrower where they ar-
ticulated with the onos above them. Each
segment was filled with a dark brown, highly
granulated mass of protoplasm. As theso
bodies were not like any mycelia found, and
occurred with the asci in tho peritheeium,
thoy wero thought to be paraphysee. Since
the paraphysos have never been found
before ana these bodies woro seen only threo
times during this investigation, some addi-
tional work now undor way will be required
to establish their identity. It was
thought best» however, to publish exactly as
soon in order that others who may bo investi-
gating in the same direction may have the
benefit of their own observations. It may bo
stated also that one of tho original drawings
was submitted to Prof. B. T. Galloway of tho
division of vegetable pathology of tho United
States department of agriculture, who ox-
pressed his opinion that the bodioB soon were
not paraphyses. The appearanee of para-
physes [?] with the aci places the disease in the
genera physalospora first given it by Sachs.
the spermogoni a.
The spermogonia woro found November 19,
in specimens from Virginia, sent me by Prof.
W. B. Alwood. Tho spermogonia wore eject-
ing their spermatia at this date in abundanco.
A few spermatia wero also found in diseasod
berries gathered in the vineyards hero (Texas)
October 29. The true office of the spormatia
is, perhaps, not yet definitely known, but it is
bolieved by many to be that of propagating
the dioease also. The spermatia are borno on
tho apices of long, very slender hyaline ster-
rigmata which radiate toward tho center of
tho spermogoniurn like the basidia in tho
pyenidium. The spermatia aro oblong,
hyaline bodies. They vary somewhat in
length. The longitudinal diameter is about
four times that of the transvorso diameter.
As these bodios are developed somewhat
early in the history of tho disease mycelium is
often soen connected with them.
associated fohms.
In order that the phoma flaccidia and
phoma reniformis, which are often associated
with true black rot, may not be mistaken by
some for black rot, a description of their dor-
mant stages is here given also. Theso forms
couid not bo found at the Virginia experiment
station in February, but wero found in abun-
dance here in October, occurring in the dis-
eased berries still hanging upon tho vinos.
Theso fruiting forms are similar in structuro
to tho pycnidia of the black rot and tlio spores
issue through the oBtiolium in a similar man-
ner.
The spermatia are almost transparent, ob-
long bodies, but little smaller than the corni-
dia of the true black rot. They are borne on
sterigmata which radiate toward the center of
the Hpermogonium similar to the Htorigmata
of black rot.
Pyenospores of phoma reniformis are ob-
long, with obtuse ends, sometimes slightly
kidney shaped. Their color is light brown.
They aro borno similarly to the pyenospores
of the black rot. The longitudinal diametor
is nearly three times of that of the transverse
diameter. Their protoplasm is highly granu-
lar. Thoy germinated in four hours when
placed in water under a cover glass—torn-
peraturo varying from 00 to 85 degroes Fah-
renheit.
Sporos of phoma flaccidia wero found at the
same timo. They are about two-thirds the
length of the spores of phoma reniformis,
which they resemble only in tho manner of
being borne on basidia and the somewhat
granular structure of the protoplasm.
infection of the foliage.
Quite a number of experiment,* were made
with the conidia, pyenospores and ascospores
in trying to produce the rot upon tho foliago
of tho vine, which was kopt in the green house
and moistened sovoral times during tho day
with distilled water, but without success.
However, my failure might be aceountod for
by probably washing tho sporos of tho loaf
when moistening it.
That tho rot upon the leaf is tho samo as
that upon the berry was first proven by
Messrs. Viala and Ravas—later by Prof. B. T.
Galloway. Prof. Scribner statos that "tho
time from tho date of the infection of tho leaf
with the spores to the manifestation of exter-
nal characters is eight to twelve days." *
appearance 1'1'on the foliage.
An infoctod leaf presonts to tho eyo many
irregular, dark brown spots (sori). Theso
son aro much lighter in the contor, growing
moro diffuse and darker towards their irregu-
lar borders. As they grow they becomo more
irregular in outline, and occasionally umto,
but still retain their lighter color in the cen-
ter. These spotB show much moro plainly
upon the upper surface than upon the under
surfaco of tho leaf. As thoy develop they
show pustules in the center similar to those
upon the borry. Tho disease appears upon
the foliage first, henco it is the "warning
stage." If tho fungicides have uot already
been applied, no time should bo lost in apply-
ing them when this stage is found in the vine-
yards. Its next appoarance will bo upon the
fruit in two or threo weeks, during the latter
part of .lune or in July, according to climate,
when in about twenty-four hours one-fourth
or one-third of the crop may be at once de-
stroyed. In about twolvo days after the first
destruction of fruit another will tako place.
The disoase appears upon tho berry when it
is nearly grown. It appears first in a small,
brown, circular spot. As the spot suddonly
grows it becomes deep brownish red iu tho
center where it is slightly depressed. In two
or threo days the disoase will sproad ovor tho
entire berry, giving it a soft, spongy appear-
ance. Soon tho borry will begin to shrink,
taking a deeper hue at the point of first at-
tack. In about a week it will bo much shriv-
eled and begiu to dry, still growing darker till
it becomes very black. Littie black pustules
will now begin to appear upon its surface,
giving it the appcaranco described iu the first,
part of this bulletin. The berry has not rotted
but shrivelod. Tho fungus has broken down
most of tho tissuo of absorption, henco tho
word rot is not applicablo to tho disease. Tho
fungus doos not spread from borry to borry,
but only attacks a part of tho bunch at a time.
rationale of tpeatment.
Since the fungus is carried over winter in
the tissues of diseased grapes and possibly tho
loaves also, from which spores are given out
in the spring during damp weather, ovon early
in March, the first thing to do is to destroy all
leaves, dead grapes, etc., in which disease hi-
bernates.
Since the disease is endophytic, growing in-
Bido the tissues of the leaf and of tho berry, it
can not bo reached by fungicides after it has
made its attack without fatal injury to tho
parts affected, thereforo all treatment must bo
preventive and not remedial.
Anything which may bo applied without in-
jury to the leaf or berry and which will pro-
vont tho spores germinating, is a good fungi-
cide. Minute traces of copper salts, as well
as Bomo other things, have been found to pre-
vent tho spores germinating with slight injury
to the foliage or fruit. Thcroforo so long as a
slight trace of copper Baits can bo kept upon
the parts of the grapo during spring and early
summer the crop is practically safo from tho
attacks of tho disease. Whero failures have
resulted in preventing the attacks of black
rot by the use of cooper salts, thoy havo been
due, mainly, to being applied too lato, and
also to being washed off by rains. Damp
weather, which is moro favorable to tho de-
velopment of tho disoase, is tho most unfavor-
able time to keep tho preparations on the foli-
age, therefore spraying should be done rnoro
often during rainy weather. It should com-
mence just when the buds begin to swell or
open, and should be applied at intervals of
about twolvo days till the grapos aro half
grown. Usually four applications will bo
sufficient—the last one being applied about
fifteen days lator than the procoding ono.
is the sprayed fruit unwholesome?
It has beon clearly proven by chomical anal-
ysis that tho vory smail traces of copper salts
which may remain on tho fruit when ripe can
not injure the health. After application of
the Bordeaux four times at tho Virginia ex-
periment station, the fruit and stems woro
analyzed by the chemist and "showed only
0.035 ounco of copper to over 500 pounds
of grapes" whon the crop was gathered.*
However, all traces of copper may bo washed
off by placing tho grapes in a large vessel and
pouring ovor them a solution of wator and
vinogar. Formula:
4 gallons water to ono quart vinegar.
fungicides for black rot.
Of all the different preparations for preven-
tion of parasitic disease upon plants, perhaps
the Bordeaux mixturo still takos the load. Tho
following in rogard to tho Bordeaux mixture
upon grapes was receivod from Professor T.
V. Munson, Denison, Tex., October 19, 1892:
"Last year I had remarkably fino prospects,
at flowering time for a full crop, did not spray
and lost nearly everything by black rot. This
year with poorer prospects and a worse season,
savod nearly all tho crop with four sprayings
of Bordeaux mixture." Dr. A. M. Ragland,
Pilot Point, Tex., 6tatos that tho grapes aro
injured in his section of tho state by diseases
from 30 to 50 per cent. "Bordeaux saved 90
per cent." Equally as good results with the
Bordeaux have been obtained elsewhere.
formul/e for preparations.
Tho original French formula for Bordeaux
mixture was sixteen pounds coppor sulphate
(bluest-ono) dissolvod in twenty-two gallons of
wator and then mixed with thirty pounds of
limo which had boen slaked in six gallons of
water. Tho heavy preparation is bad to uso
through spray machinery. During tho last
two or threo years several experiments havo
clearly proven that a much weakor prepara-
tion doos equally as well. The following weak
Bordeaux mixture has been vory effoctive at
the Virginia experiment station during tho
past three years, and it works through spray
nozzles quito well. Formula:
1. Copper sulphate 2 lbs.
Limo (unslaked) 2}-£ Ebs.
Water 25 gals.
Professor B. T. Galloway finds tho follow-
ing formula vory effective, which is only half
his original formula:
2. Copper Hulphato Hlbs.
Lime (unslaked) 2 "
Water 22 gals.
Professor T. V. Munson used last summer,
1892, in preparing his Bordeaux tho following
formula:
3. Copper sulphate 2 ftia.
Lime (unslaked) 2 "
Water 20 gals.
While slaked limo is not recommended, yot
if it be used tho quantity should be one pound
more.
If two pounds of cheap glue bo addodto
the above formula?, tho preparation will stick
on the foliage better.
The Boda-copper preparation is easier pre-
pared than either of the above preparations,
*Soo U. S. Dep. Agr., sec. Vegetablo Pathology,
bulletin No. 7, p. 21.
t See Vu. Agr. Lxp.Sta,. BulL No. 15. n. 42.
and has given good reuults also. The for-
mula is:
4. Coppor sulphate 2 lbs.
Soda carbonate 2% "
Water 25 gals.
The following, whilo not quite so effoctive
as either of tho above, is moro quickly pro-
pared and moro easily handled, but costs
more, it is recommended when small quan-
tities only are wanted: Formula:
5. Coppor carbonate % oz.
Ammonia (20dog. Beaumej.B oz.
Water 4% gala.
roar of the chemicals.
The wholcsalo cost of tho chemicals will be
about as follows:
Copper sulphate He, per TT».
< oppcr carbonato 4r0c per lb.
Sodium carbonate 3c per !t>.
Fresh lime 35c per bu.
Tho cost por acre with tho first throe
formula1 whoa applied four times will be
about $10 or $11, varying, of course, accord-
ing to the number of vinos to the acre, their
size and tho local cost of the labor.
methods of preparation.
As tho chemicals will attack and destroy
most metal vessels, they should bo dissolved
in oarthen or v.oodon vessels. They should
bo dissolved separately and aftorward mixed
together. Wnoro largo quantities aro desired
a good way to proparo them is to take two
barrels and pla'.'0 in each enough water to
dissolve tho amount of each of the chemicals
used. The chemicals should bo kept separate
in separate sacks, then lot the sacks hang
loscly in the wator until the chemicals dis-
solve. The sacks may bo kopt off the bottoms
of the barrels and bo easily shaken about to
facilitate solution by running a rod or stick
through tho tops and letting tho ends rest on
the tops of tho barrels, i I eating tho wntor
first and pulverizing the chemicals will also
hasten the solution. Any amount desired can
bo maile by the formulae by multiplying or
dividing them. For small amounts and quick
preparation, formula No. 5 is recommended.
The copper carbonato should first be made
into a dough so that it will mix easier with
the ammonia.
The Bordeaux mixture is recommended not
only for tho black rot, but for anthracnoae
(spaceloma nmpelinum), brown rot (peronos-
pora viticola) and powdory mildew (uncinula
spiralis). The Bordeaux is not recommended
as an insecticide, yot whon it was used on the
vineyard at the Virginia experiment station
the "rose chaffer" (rnacrodactyluB subspin-
ous) did little injury, whilo at the Bamo time
it was very injurious upon many surrounding
vineyard*. Prof. T. V. Munson states also in
a letter of Soptomber 19, 1892: "The Bordeaux:
mixturo will overcome all of the fungi if ap-
plied thoroughly, iu time, as well as the leaf
folder nnd most other insect0, as I have clearly
demonstrated 1:1 my vineyard this season. Ono
application about the last of August or just as
soon as the crop of grapes is gathered, will
keep tho leaf folder's late attack off." The
"leaf foider" (de&mia maculalis) does serious
injury hero. Should it fail to keep off this
predaccous insect, live ouncos of London pur-
ple or Paris greon is recommendod to bo
mixed with twenty-five gallons of tho Bor-
deaux. This will make it at the same time an
insecticide as well a.i a fungicide. Burning
the leaves et cetera, which remain in the
vineyard, will destroy many pupao.
6praying machinery.
In order that a thin film of a preparation
may bo applied to all parts of tho vine it is
i^iocessary that some form of spraying pump
and nozzle bo used. Some form of a spray-
ing machino is noedod on every farm. The
kind will, of course, vary according t,o tho
purpose, size of vineyard, etc. For general
greenhouse work or whero only a few vinos
aro to be aprayed the hand force pump is re-
commended. This machine, with the im-
proved Vernon nozzle which fits on the hose
that goes with it, can be bought for$t; 50. For
general vineyard work tho Jappy spray pump
is rocominended. Porhaps tho best style of
the improved Jappy spray pump is manufac-
tured in America. All complete it will cost
$14. If this pump be ordered the manufac-
turers should bo requested to use the agato
mortar, which is not so easily affected by tho
preparations as the rubber mortar. Tho Little
Giant is better for largo vineyard work, as it
can be pulled by hand on its own wheels, or it
can bo easily mounted in a cart or wagon and
hauled ovor the vineyard. Two hose can bo
attached to it, which onable it to spray two
rows at once. Cost, with 10-foot hose and two
nozzles, $35.
SPECIAL NOTICES.
Among the excellent ways of investing
small sums of money none surpass the install-
ment plan of subscription to stock in the loau
nnd building associations of this city. THE JM
PRO YEMEN"? AND LOAN COMPANY iB con-
ducted in an economical and conservative man-
nor, loaning its funds principally on real estate
in this city. Iu view of tho satisfactory condi-
tion of its affairs and to moot a demand for now
stock, this company will now issue a second se-
ries of stock to tlm amount of fifty thousand dol-
lars, payablo in monthly installments of $5 per
share, or in full, as desired. For a copy of the
charter and by-laws, or any other information
relative to tho above, apply to C, C. Pettit, secre-
tary. r,12 Tremont street.
Board of Directors: J. W. Riddell, M. Marx,
E. O. Flood, John N. Stnwe. C. A. Horsley, Leon
Blum, Hobort Palliser, H. A. Landos, Judge S. S,
Hanscora.
Notice to Contractors The Galveston
Suburban Improvement Co. solicits sealed bids
for tho erection and completion of ono cottage on
lot No. outlot 88, according to plans and speci-
ti ations at tho company's office. Bids close De-
cember 80,1892.
The company reserves tho right to rejoct any or
all bids, W. A. Nicholson. Secretary,
J. S. Wheless, President. 220 Tremont st.
Stockholders' Meeting.—The stockhold-
ers of tho Galveston Wharf Company are re-
quested to meet at the company's office on
MONDAY, .January 2, 1893,
at 11 o'clock a. m., for tho purpose of electing six
directors for the ensuing year and tho transac-
tion of any other business that may come bofore
thorn. JNO, E. BAILEY, Secretary
Stockholders' Meeting. — The annual
meeting of tho stockholders of the First National
Bank of Galveston, for the purpose of electing
seven directors to serve for tho ensuing yoar, will
he hold at the banking house on the second
TUESDAY in January, 1M93, between the hours of
12 m. and 1 p. in. W. N. STOWE, Cashier.
agents and 31a.nUFACTUREUS.
CW, ALSWORTH, eo1<> a^.>nt for Avery Plows,
• Cultivators and Planters. Old Hickory
Wagons, Plant'n H'dwaro. Mail orders solicited.
IRON AND BliA^N WORKS.
Y & E. F. Mr( f'V\VEN W^1 ^i^t P^feys^
Shafting. Boiler Tubes, Castings and ike-
pair Works, Houston, Tex.
LIM K an I) (KM ENT.
DAN CROWLEY, importer and de-dor in Lime,
Cement, Plaster Paris, Hair, Laths, Fire
Brick, Clay. Sewer Pipe. No. 6 Commerce st.
AC ATE E & CO.. Limo and Cement. Dealers
-•'i in Portland and Rosoudale Cement, Lime,
Plaster. Fire Brick, etc.
m A1 i r ESs >1 A nil V AI '■ tu h E k s.
IOTTMAN BROS., manufacturers of spring
J beds, mattresses, comforts, blankets, woven
wire springs, cots, etc. 409 to 414 Rusk street.
MEAM I AIT s DRIES.
'PHE KI N EST SOUTH
* Si Packard's Troy Steam Laundry.
All work intrusted to us receives prompt and
careful attention. 912 Prairio avenue. 'Phone
332, Houston, Tex.
WEEKLY NEWS, 11.
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The Galveston Daily News. (Galveston, Tex.), Vol. 51, No. 277, Ed. 1 Monday, December 26, 1892, newspaper, December 26, 1892; Galveston, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth466456/m1/3/: accessed July 7, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu.; crediting Abilene Library Consortium.