El Paso International Daily Times (El Paso, Tex.), Vol. 14, No. 232, Ed. 1 Sunday, September 30, 1894 Page: 5 of 8
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EL PASO FOR INVALIDS
CLIMATIC CUBE FOB CONSUMPTION
FACTS AND FIGURES
OPINIONS OF LEADING PHYSICIANS
ON THIS SUHJECT.
' n
Statistical Figures Show the Climat-
ie Advantage* of Tills Section.
The World’* Sanitarium.
♦ The reputation of El Paso as a health
resort is already flrmly established.
Thousands of Invalids have found here
the relief which they have sought vainly
elsewhere. Especially Is this true in all
cases of pulmonary disease, and there
are today living in El Paso hundreds of
is« assis?-s
— ... bib» a 4ESS55 ac»‘—ga. jtnjs e&aunesanue
^ e?fer„’^ss-„fsMsaw-*- wl“- “• *
“ ,««- a*ubss iHsmaar* ft * s.*v? rfisug ass sn
.Tfv fc °‘der in which the first :lve subjects are a cool, bracing atmosphere the rule, tola atmos]
people, In good health, engaged In busi
"" " ' d
P
a
■ , — ■ - J> miserable ary oomuplaintis. i foundTt true with** re J
existence. There Is not a winter but gard to myself while suffering from a
ness and enjoying life, who declare that lng, and’ yet not high enough
had they not come to this genial clime rasa the heart’s autlon ^d lnt^eX the
they would either have died long ago dyspnoea of those affected trtth Mlmon-
or continued to drag out a miserable t ”1UU puimon-
Tbe mountain ranges of New „,.w,
this Dolnt^lrive r1 uiuer ln wn,cn l«e nr»t live subjects are
the IKS d .^utyvto arr9^ed is intended to *n.l!.\ire the rela-
“Suin tive Importance of the attributes consid-
comSnJ tifh (L alr v/):‘ch' ervl. the last live being added as con-
the winter seLom c^itlt&fbe chirm flrmativa °r llia9i maln Propositions:”
°Jrihe SLpilso climate.
hl^i.tude ML.3760 feet above the »ea
„ .3 ®no'u4rJl to ut! pure and brac-
numerous Invalids who have sought other
health resorts oorhe on to El Paso by
advice of the physicians at those re-
sorts. They come from Colorado and
Northern New Mexico because it is too
cool there and they come from South-
ern California because it Is too damp
there. Here they find a dry, warm, sun-
ny climate, with almost every condition
required to Insure healthfulness.
Some years ago Dr. Alfred S. Hough-
ton of Chicago wrote that after a
thorough examination and careful study
of the subject, he found El Paso and
San Diego, Cal., the two places most
favorable to all persons afflicted with
pulmonary diseases. Following is a por-
tion of a table of statistics of “annual
climatic changes” which Dr. Houghton
prepared, and upon which he based his
conclusions:
mm
CO § o 5 M tX V
i •
feSuigElevation Above Sea Level
Mean Annual Temp. Since
Estab. Signal Service. «
KSCKKStow
Dally Range of Temp..
vl!8iSo&SSta2
of Maximum*.
Mean of Minimum.*.
fcfcgesspgi
Inches of Snow and Rain.
£ 8 S £3 S * m Relative Humidity .........
8SSg8fegg£Per Cent C;oudy Weather.
M«»*»Sg°S±
oo-i® w tnto —Rank of Resort.............
* Degrees.
In his report Dr. Houghton uses the
following language:
“The number of Inches of rain and
snow will give corroborative testimony
as to the dryness, etc. ln a place wheru
the air is dry and the sunshine clear
and steady, wide range of daily tem-
perature or sudden changes of heat are
not only not unpleasant nor injurious,
but often agreeable and beneficial from
the stimulation they create, while
moderate variation of equability in a
damp, muggy climate Is debilitating in
the extreme.
severe attack of bronchitis, and also with
regard to others whom I met that When
** «-* Laa Vegas and Santa Fe (at an
altitude respectively of 0700 and 7100 feet)
we suffered from dyspnoea and had to
walk slowly, like confirmed invalids, the
descent to El Paso enabled us to walk
briskly and soon made us feel equal to
running a foot race.
The soil is sandy anl very porous.
The ‘temperature Is hot in summer and
mild in winter. For those who have the
means of traveling it would be folly to
summer ln El Paso, and yet the dryness
of the atmosphere is such that a temper-
ature of lOCT to 105 degrees in the shade
Is more endurable ithan that of 70 and
85 degrees in Philadelphia. Sunstroke Is
unknown, In spite of a maximum temper-
ature of 110 degrees In summer, and those
who are compelled to remain there do not
perish with the heat, nor suffer much, if
any, .more than the inhabitants of East-
ern cities.
But it is the winter temperature to
which I wish to ctil atr-»ntf>n, as welt
as the small amount of rainfall and the
small number of cloudy days, these con-
ditions combining to constitute the charm
of the winter, during which season the
invalid can walk, or even sit out of doors,
almost every day. Combined with the
mild temperature there is, as I have be-
fore remarked, a bracing tonic quality to
the adrr, due, perhaps, In port, to its
rarity amd dryness, which I have failed
to find in the air of Florida, of the gulf,
or even of San Antonio. Texas.
In view of its mild winter climate. Its
altitude, the great dryness of the atmos-
phere and so®, and the remarkable pre-
ponderance of clear and fair days, espe-
cially during the winter and spring
months, I think it must be conceded that
El Paso presents many of the requisites
of a winter resort for persons suffering
PROPOSITIONS.
1. Dryness as opposed to moisture.
2. Coolness or cold preferable to warmth
or heat.
3. Rarefaction as opposed to sea-level
pressure.
1. Sunshine as opposed to cloudiness
and sometimes freezing,
regularly renders it iniml-
to germ life. The purity of
-------atmosphere which is represented by
irequent, extreme cold rare. Tne mean warm, moist and equable climates. Is
J p. m. temperature snows a delightful not to be compared with that puritv
climate, yet not warm enough lor aie which is represented by the opposite at-
or tubercle to thrive, as “its tributes. The first is where the tempera-
growth entirely ceases below 83 Fahren- ture so continuously hovers within the
r—t,T?na apova 107 degrees," according no limits of the microbe's needs—where
jw. Herman Weber, an authority quoted sound as well as heat is smothered lr»-
oy ur. Denison. ; a short distance, and 'the sun's rays
,.in reference to * the third proposition. ' §!ve a dusky red glow. The second, in-
Rarefaccion as opposed to sea level i dicattng a comparative absence of germs-
pressure,” Dr. Denison says: “As to the I ~is ^nere exposed meat cam cure ami
quality of the climate wnicli affords tins not spoil: where far distant objects ap-
5. Variability of temperature as opposed immunity (from consumption) jaccoud Pear near, and the unobstructed rays of
to equability. says: ‘Altitude is the most Impo-tant1 the sun give nearly as white a light aa
element—Climates with a high altittuae !aoes an electric lamp.” These charac-
havmg tonic ana stimulating effects ea ! eristics 0f high climates. El Paso has to
O Inno nnn # /v« /v_ iL . i v . . . r * I Via full In OArnmnn mitVi /vtViaa nla ana Ir •
equability,
CONFIRMATORY PROPOSITIONS.
6. Marked diathermancy of the air to alone confer on the Inhabitants arw’nim‘„ the full, in common with other places hr-
be preterred to Lie sraokv aimospmre of or relative immunity from miimnnafl, the Rocky Mountain region. In re fer-
ities or the dense air strata of moist phthisis. While altitude £s the traven, ence to “diathermancy (the property of
___it- _rr swwii* 1 ''“rsus den
currents.
i mg elemem, all the associated favorable transmitting radiant heat) verbus dense,
7. Radiation and absorption of heat by conditions of the atmosphere somewn-iT moist or smoky atmospheres,” Dr. DenA-
rocks and sandy loams better than latent ln the order in which we have named son aays: “The clearness cr Itranapar-
•b.rpuo» w water ■«* -a™ Wj 'S? ‘ SVJ5“ ^ US5“S^
8. Mountainous configuration of country ferrlng a more or less complete immnnitv I havinff throughout a similar atmosphere.
Illicit rfrainae-ci —ut. from consumption among (tne resident i through which one can see most remark-
n » *ru „ _1 ____ ^ ColUCULfl | nklo ,Ho)o n/inc on/1 KoaMaa nmhah'v hn
(quick dfainage) contrasted with the l.at-
ness, etc., of level sections.
9. Frequent electrical changes of at-
mosphere, also moderate vtinds (except
in quite cold weather) preferable to con-
tinuous stillness of the air.
10. Inland altitudes contrasted v,ih sea
at the given altitude.- The Question of 'abIe distances, and, besides, probab'y be
sumptive proof that thcS; cUmatic “condi- I and dryness; that the purtty lsapproach-
tions which prevail where phthisis seldom 1 ine the absolute-'’ AU this El Paso has.
_____________ ______________________or never originates, are best suited to I Ic has tbe “radiation and absorption ot
air (total absence of land influence), tut arrest the disease When It has commenced !beat by f°cks and sandy loams” and the
in certain cases sea voyages nn.l island elsewhere." “mountainous configuration of country;
resorts to be preferred as compromise' El Paso has an altitude of from 3725 'in Perfeetion.
substitutes for high altitudes. j to over 3800 feet, considerable but not ex- ! “Frequent electrical changes of atmos-
In connection with his paper Dr. Deni- ‘ cesslve. ln my report, published laatjphere” are common to El .t aso as to aid*
son has two charts, the great vaite and month, of mortality Statistics of tnis j Rocky mountain regions,
accuracy of which are shown py his s;;ie-! ^ty. from January 1, 1888, to October t. n is protected on the west, north and/,
ment that It was the value of the *888, it was 3hawn that the temporary south by a main spur of the Rocky -
records of the United Stares signal ter- ’ a9ai™d death raiUb as computed from tne mounia.ns and a slightly elevated plateau .
vice bureau, and the importance to tlvr stutisncs for the nine months, was, 'on the east side, extending some sixty or
medical profession of con leasing -i.e trom natural causes 7.15 per 1000 per an-
averages of all climatic attribute in a! nujn, and! among reSlideint population
convenient and graphic form, that led the other than" Mexicans, only 5 per 1000 per
writer to compile some 8,009.1/00 separate annum. For the Mexicans, about 800 in
signal service observations into he *m- number, constituting 'the bulk of the . . . , -, . . , -
nuai and seasonal climatic mans of the P°°r- deam rate was 28.33 per 1000 per arnpie before referred to. page 008, places
United States, which ate the at thoiities j annum, yet not a deatin among them wa3 h'* 1'iLso nrst among high climate winter
tor many of the conclusions re.).* fed in 1 *-ro'm consumption. This city has grown rfisurts. General Greeiy says: ‘me
this paper.” In the iir*t chart, s-.-nving from almost nothing In 1881 to over U.OoO ttreatest benefits to be derived from
the “Combined Atmospheric Humidities ac present, and we have not sufficient health resorts m winter is the opyur-
for Winter,” 1893, divided into • Aloistme , trustworthy data. from our American itun-ty and inducement tor exercise in tbe
Extreme and Moderate,” and “Dry- population to say that consumption will °Pe,n. ajr? and smee invalids shrink from-
.less, Extreme and Moderate,” El Paso is I uiM originate among them, yet of the . chining temperatures, there is a necessity
shown, with nearly all of New Mexico j d,fatb? f5‘>m .cansumptloci. head- i days’ b.“*
seventy miles, accounting for the mod-
erate winds, in which it excels almost all.
New Mexico and Arizona.
The following from General Greely'e/
si dsmsi st as sxPMaswta
confirmed by the experience of a con-
siderable number of astihmatic. bronchitic,
and phthisical patients who have already
tested the virtues of this climate. Some
of these I met myself during a stay some
weeks last February and March, and with
regard to others I was informed by the
plac
Buss.
was the same that is usually obtained
at such places—viz? that the patient
soon begins to loose his cough, to Im-
prove in appetite, and to gain ln weight
and strength.
Notwithstanding the newness of the
place, the accommodations of El Paso
are very fair. There are several quite
large and respectable hotels, there Is a
physicians of that place and the larmv
officers of Fort Bliss. This testimony i0wa7 DRY WARM AIR
Southwestern Texas and
by General A. ’ W. GreMy, " hi "f I gnat 19 att<*ted by every physician resident too frequent rains are needed to enliven
officer, entitled “Where 3hali W„ cnendiln thia sectl;0n any number of years. ?nd cheer the .nvalid, and remove hinu
Our winfer •‘ .,13, Zlrh, - . -ri,. , ' „ „ , . trom the depressing impressaons whicn
of absolute* hum1(?ltvhfAr ^m. .rC 'Lh ta' Dr;, Denison says of Sunshine aa op- always result from confinement throuxL
wtth^-hrr ' LILl?;/ >,‘'',T. > .' ho,v posed ,}° cloudiness:” “There is little stress of dull or stormy weather. Chart
cmd «R nn« 1 " j0i* dr>', necessity of advocating the utility of V gives for fourteen stations covering tbe
!SSK; 5K® « TOrSfArJiSS. !S
^ exas and the Southern j time, over the Interior lake region, down considered satisfactory. El Paso Char-
portions of New Mexico and Arizona.” to less than 30 per cent in the southwest- lotte and St Paul show the least wind
fhe caps are General Greely's. El P.lo em portion of xNew Mexico^ and Arizona. Santa^ Fe. Ban Cl and ton 5?-
southern boundary line of New Mexico
ror the purpose of comparison I have
able attributes. They all go together. I Sustia,, Knoxvfflla, Siunford, Jacksonville,
A preponderance of sunsihlne should be Pan Diego. Yuima, Sacramento and Dem-
and industrious population. For myself,
I never wearied of watching thedr strange
seventeenth century methods of living
and working.
Winter Itcaorh In tbe Southwest.
New York Herald.
The Meuieai Record cites .a recent re-
port of Dr. W. M. Yanuell, the hea.in
onlcer at El Paso, Texu*, as conclusive
evidence “that tne southwestern portions
---------- of our country otter great advantages to
“The dew point in El Paso is 11 de- invalids, and especially to consumptives.”
grees below the mean of minimum tem- jn a population of 11,000 at El Paso the
perature, and 27 degrees below the mean ; totai murta.lty during the first nine
of annual temperature, while at San months of the present year was only 85,
Diego it is only 3 degrees below the or a jeat)y rate of 7.63 per thousand,
mean of minimum temperature, and 10 is an extremely favorable showing
degrees below the mean Of annual tem- j when compared with that of other cities,
perature. The death rate per 1000 of London is 22.14;
“At El Paso the mean of relative and Qi New york 26.47; of Providence 19.83; of
absolute humidity is also much less than parig 26.48; of Dublin. 35.94. These flg-
at San Diego, while Jacksonville is be- ur part;y based on the census of 1880,
hind not only both of these places, but aftord most striking contrasts with those
also Denver. , . „ , „„ , . _ . .. I of the southwestern olty.
“The average rainfall la 36 Inches. A. ,. D yandell affirms
El Paso it Is 11 Inches. The average^be- | But this is not an. nr. xanaeii aairms
nuai "temperature is 56 degrees. At Bl | JaUty in the city was) only^^59 or 6.36 per
Paso It is 64 degrees,.but the seasonal. wUh a smalfer deatTrato
good rr a^et^md theorice of liv'ng is* net1 * thv «jean relative humidity mentioned as favoring the possibility oti'er in and abdut the order name). The
hb?h Although in Texas it ia a very wtdo ^0m„Pept,embfX 1 t0 May 1 of a number much-to-be-desired outdoor life, and also average velocity of the wind nr 3 n. m..
nSe See town wih an elegant ?f ciiles different ports of the coun- ! the oamping-out idea in summer time.”, R December: E! Paso R.8. Denver «♦.
courthouse pubfic' school building? *nuni-; from f,ignal service report of , El Paso is shown on Dr. Denison’s “Cil- Santa Fe 12.0, Charlotte 6.2, St. Paul 7.1.
erous churches' etc Om“ great charm to-1?®' page ^0, from commencement of matdc chart illustrating annual'cloudiness, Tar, nan-’ P' p1w e - Denvc-iop
tivated country, teeming with a kindly Denver .......... 50 ment of observation to and including same article. General Greeiy give* per
ti December, 1885,” will be found on page
0i 482, Signal Service report of 1886. The
“average cloudiness” Is the average com-
puted irom the averages “from com-
Prescott, Ariz
Port Apache, Ariz .................. 511
Fort Thomas, Ariz ..................... 65
Philadelphia^111148’ <"°1 ...... *....... 70 mencement of observation to and including
Boston, New Yo*rk;**New " Orleans; %e,.479’ r^|?rt of 18S6;
each end “for the year 1886 page 321. report of
Charleston ... . ....................... 74 part Deduct the average number
Pensacola . ..................... 76 of cloudy days in any month and the
n„r.' "I q'',V‘’...... , number of clear and fair days in that
G^nt a”d Sanita Fe are the only month is shown,
stations In the signal service reports of . x. ... ,,
141 stations that lead El Paso for these i Av- ^'lo.udu'|ess.
months, even by a fraction, barring Cloudy Days. Scale 0-10.
Yuma, which lacks sufficient altitude to ..............2'S............a’f
be classed among resorts for consump- xiiL\^irry ...............•>'!>............
tives, accepting Dr. Denison’s dictum in T..................?•?............i »
summing up, “that there Is nothing more 'i'"'..............o|............,7
cent for December: Yuma 6, El Paso 12.
Denver 16, Santa Fe 17, San Diego 15, San
Antonio 22, with the other stations named
under Chart V increasing up to KnoxvtiSe
39.
'For January the per cent is: Yuma S,.
El Paso 11, Denver 16. Santa Fe 18, San.
Diego 19. San Antonio 25, and so on with/
the others up to Knoxville 46.
For February: Yuma 7. ER Paso Mj.
Denver 19. Santa Fe 23, San Antonio 2E»
San Diego 36, and so on with the others
up to Knoxville 42.
Dr. Denison ln summarizing says: “The
preferable climate for the great majority
of consumpatives in the United Staten*
varies, according to the case, from 16WP>
feet elevatianrln 'the 'North in winter, to*
10,000 feet as a possible extreme in ttur
Southern portion in summer.” El Paso
has ithe ‘Texas and Pacific railway to the-
average at El Paso Is 56 degrees. ♦
“In every particular, except spring
winds, El Paso shows a better record
than San Diego, and far better than
Jacksonville or Sa-vannah. The only place
on the Atlantic coast that approaches
El Paso is Asheville, N. C.. and for that
place I have" no seasonal figures."
Dr. Houghton further states that the
altitude of El Paso Is 3760 feet, while
that of San Diego Is 67 feet only, El Paso . boon to the many thousands of
being neither too high nor too low. ^fiTtoe norehern p^of the country
El Paso’s Pure Air. who have to flee annually from our se-
To the American Climatological Asso- wSro h^lt^resort
Several years ago the Herald urged upon
physicians the desirability of establish-
ing winter resorts in the Southwest. We
are not surprised, therefore, that the
Medical Journal now says. “Our medical
meii Should inform themselves more fully
of Its advantages.” *
The Southwest has climate advantages
for Certain classes of invalids superior to
those of southern France. It would surely
City, made the following report:
El Paso Is situated at the extreme
western boundary of Texas, In that
tongue of land which is bounded on the
north and west by New -Mexico and on
the south by the Rio Grande. Its longi-
tude Is 106 degrees west, and Its latitude
32 degrees io*lh. tbe longitude being th»
same as that of Santa Fe, N. M„ and
the latitude the same as that of
Savannah. Ga., and San Diego,
Cal. It Is 340 miles south of Santa
Fe, constituting the southern terminus
of the Atchison. Topeka and Santa Fe
railroad, and the point where the road
connects with the Mexican Central rail-
road. Three other trunk iine3— two from
has been Infected by yellow fever.
FACTS AND FIGURES.
Compiled for tlic Information of
Physicians nn«I Invalids.
Tn a naner entitled. "The preferable
ellmalte for phthisis or the comparative
Importance of different climatic attributes
In the arrest of chronic pulmonary dis-
eases." In the "Transactions of the ninth
International medical congress,” Chas.
evident about this discussion than that 7wit,™ber..............?•?............ik-}
Accepting the second proposition. *7..........™............
i'Coolness or \co!d preferable to warmth This gives El Paso an average of 20.9 ---------- —
or heait,” I have copied the following ta- cloudy days In the eight months named | cast, the Galveston, Harrisburg and 8a»
ble of mean temperature for El Paso, or an average of 2.6 cloudy days per j Antonio to the southeast, the Southern
calculated from ten years’ observation, month. For the same eight months the | Pacific to the west, the Atchison, *Bo-
from signal service report, part I, 1187. following favored localities have averages peka and Santa Fe to tihe north and the
page 282, for the months named: tne of Cloudy days as follows: Prescott. 18.3:! Mexican Central to the south. In a day’s
maximum and minimum below 32 degrees Fort Grant, 29.7: Fort Thomas, 23.8: Fort, ride the invalid may, if desirous of a>
are not included in any general table, but ' Apache, 31.4; Santa Fe, 29.9: West Las change, reach a lower or a higher alt5-
are compiled from the special El Paso Animas, 31.8; Denver. 36.2. The average tude and a warmer climate in Mexico
report ea£h year, commencing with 1880 cloudiness per month for the eight months on the Mexican Central, or a higher alti-
—the volume for 1881 being the oldest , for El Paso, as shown above, is 2.8, and, tude in •Southern New Mexico or South-
that I have by me—and endine April. UWX. j computed from the same signal service ern Arizona on the Southern Pacific,
the report for the years 1887 and 1888. I report It is in Prescott. 2.3; Fort Grant, j A higher or lower altitude and
taken from the El Paso signal service i 2.5; Fort Thomas, 2.4; Fort Apache. 2.7; a warmer climate In Mexico j»n
office records: j Santa Fe. 2.8; Denver 3.7. Fort Grant,, the Mexican Central, or a higher akti-
January .
Fsbruary
Mean.
Max.
Min.
Below.Below.
1
3
11
32
S3
a.m.
pro*
p.m. Deg. Deg.
. .16
53
44
A
158
. 41
60
50
0
51
. 45
67
56
0
27
. 51
75
63
0
2
. 63
75
62
0
8
. 41
61
49
0
68
. 38
56
46
5
112
temperature
from
com-
’ observations
ln 1877
to
E1 Paso to show how this city ranks Santa Fe.
i nal service reports. Dr. Denison proves
by comparing "twenty-five dry and twen-
Octoner .. .
November ..
December .
The lowest
mencement of
April. 1888, was—5 ln December, 1880,
! fifteen most and fifteen least variable sig-
nal stations in the United States for 1883,
| • • how uniformly variability goes
i with dryness and equability with mois-;
! ture.” He claims “that variability Is quite
j a uniform constituent of dry, high cli-
ln t mates, and that as the dryness predomi-
whlch month the maximum wns below; nates, the marked variability is less
32 degrees two davs. In December. 1887. j felt, and Is less, if at a'.l ob-
the next lowest temperature was reached j jeetionable. On th» other hand, marked
—2. and this same month the maxijnum 1 atmospheric equability, wherever found
was below 32 degrees three days, a j is prtma facie evidence of exicessiva
total of five days maximum below 32 de- I humidity. * * * * * * *
grees in eight years. The lowest in De-1 it is toadyism to the mistake of medical
cember, 1881, was 18 degrees: December. , antiquity for equability to be any longe*
1882, 11 degrees: December. 1883. IS de-: insisted on as a constituent of the best
grees: December, 1884, 27 degrees; Decern- j climate for phthisis. It is all right and
her. 1885, 12 degrees; December. 1886. 2S j essential for humid climates, but for
To summarize, T believe that I haw*
shown from signal service records smiiJ®
from Dr. Denison and General OreeN?
that El Paso has, in common with South-
ern New Mexico and Southern Arizona,,
the best winter climate in the T.Tnft*kV
States for consumptives and ‘h« saint*
, holds good for asthmatics and persona*
1 suffering from other chronic pulmonary
‘ diseases. Northern New Mexico and
degrees. Dividing the number of days In
January. 153. ln which the minimum was
below 32 degrees, by the number of years.
dry, cool and elevated resorts it is out o*
the auestton. Besides the quality of
stimulation, which is associated with
Colorado are unsurpassed ln late sprlgg.
In summer and early fall, but are trying
on Invalids in the coldesit months. To In-
valids ln search of dry, warm air tn day-
time, cool or cold, bracing nights, wlth»
rare excessive cold, moderate wind**,
cloudless skies, considerable but not «r-
ceesive altitude, absence of malaria, andl
tn fact, speaking from personal observa-
tion. an almost perfect climate, I con-
fidently recommend El Paso from the
middle of September to the middle of
Mav. camping out in the mountains of
New Mexico after that time.
W. M. Yandell, M. IV.
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El Paso International Daily Times (El Paso, Tex.), Vol. 14, No. 232, Ed. 1 Sunday, September 30, 1894, newspaper, September 30, 1894; El Paso, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth540095/m1/5/?rotate=270: accessed July 17, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu.; crediting Abilene Library Consortium.