The Plain Dealer (Corrigan, Tex.), Vol. 3, No. 21, Ed. 1 Thursday, July 5, 1934 Page: 2 of 8
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THE PLAIN DEALER. CORRIGAN
JULY 5, 1934
Page 2
Washington. — Armed with more
power than any President of the
United States, or the
One-Man head of any demo-
cratlc government,
Control eycr hag had presl.
Ident Roosevelt has stnrted what he
hopes will he the final drive for eco-
nomic recovery. He has all of the
weapons In his own hands. There can
he no mistake that he la prepared to
nse them.
When the second session of the Sev-
enty-third congress adjourned, the
work It had done together with the
enactments of the first session, com-
pleted the trnnsfer to the Chief Execu-
tive of more authority than any con-
gress ever before had delegated to the
bead of the government In fact, a
survey of the acts seems to Indicate
that congress delegated to Mr. Roose-
velt at least 50 per cent of the power
ordinarily reserved to the legislative
branch alone. Some of the grants were
of a temporary character, of course,
but nevertheless the President has
them and they cannot he taken away
until after the first of January, 19(15,
Irrespective of their nature, unless exi-
gencies should arise under which Mr.
Roosevelt will call the congress back
for an extraordinary session. Those
exigencies do not now appear on the
horizon.
The above paragraphs are a neces-
sary prelude to the further statement
that for the coming six months, at
least, the country will have a distinc-
tive one-man control. Ordinarily, we
are prone to consider this government
of ours In a little different manner
because. In a period when congress
Is In session, the restrictions which
Its enactments embody serve to cir-
cumscribe the powers of the executive
branch of the government In the
forthcoming six months, however, the
executive branch may operate with all
of the freedom discretionary author-
ity carries In the New Deal legisla-
tion.
Because of the great speed which
characterized passage of the New
Deal legislation for which the Presi-
dent asked, Its full meaning was over-
looked temporarily In many cases.
Now that congress has gone, however,
appraisals are possible In the light of
the relationship existing between vari-
ous items of the New Deal, and this
has occasioned more than the usual
amount of discussion In Washington.
One line of discussion frequently
heard Is that Mr. Roosevelt has placed
himself in a spot where he can claim
full personal credit for the success of
his program. By the same token, and
since success Is not yet assured, he Is on
the spot where he must accept full re-
sponsibility for failure of any part of
the program to accomplish the Job
which he has outlined. From what I
hear around Washington, there seems
no disposition anywhere to take away
any of the credit. The politicians on
the President’s side dare not seek any
of the credit, for their records show
them to have been wholly subservient
to his will. Anti-administration poli-
ticians are continuing to play dead,
for their strategy is apparently one
of allowing the calf all of the rope.
If failure attends any units of the
program, they will make great capi-
tal of It. If success Is complete, they
can do nothing about It anyway, thus
they are In a blind alley for the time
being.
This position, I am told, does not
mean that the Republicans and other
anti-administration groups will not
fight back. I have explained In ear-
lier letters that they are going to fo-
ment trouble by attacks on various of
the policies to show vulnerable points.
• • •
As I said at the outset, the story
of the Seventy-third congress Is the
story of the broad-
Just a Loan est loan of power
Power ever Rlven’ Tt mUSt
of Power be descrlbed tt8 „
loan of power, because congress can
take It back at any time by muster-
ing sufficient votes for repeal of the
laws It enacted. But It must be re-
membered that, under the so-called
Norris amendment to the federal Con-
stitution, the recently adjourned ses-
sion of congress was the last session.
In other words, when adjournment was
voted, It was an adjournment sine die.
It was finished. It cannot he recon-
vened without a call by the President
and that, as I reported above, Is hard-
ly within the realm of possibilities. All
of which Is by way of saying that Mr.
Roosevelt will have the use of these
loaned powers completely and unequiv-
ocally certainly until next January.
It might he added that he will have
most of them for much longer be-
cause, although congress can exercise
Its right to take them back, recovery
of the grants of power Is not ns easy
as It may seem. For example, nor-
mally, repeal of a law Is accomplished
by n majority vote In congress. But
one must stop to consider here that
Mr. Roosevelt may not want to give
up the authority vested In him. He
has the power to veto an act of con-
gress. Then, to get those powers back
congress must override the veto. To
override a veto It Is necessary under
the terms of the Constitution that
two-thirds of each house shall hnve
voted In the affirmative.
I am making no assertion that any
such attitude will be taken by the
President. None can make It for none
knows what the President’s attitude
will bo when the time comes for a
decision on the point. It Is worthy of
thought, In my opinion, however, that
here Is a condition where the system
of checks and balances between the
legislative, Judicial and executive
branches of the government have
placed a powerful whip In the hands
of the Executive. Students of the Con-
stitution tell me that It Is a very un-
usual condition. Frankly, as I see the
situation at this time, It will take an
overturning of public sentiment equal
In magnitude to the landslide by
which Mr. Roosevelt was elected to
force a return of that power to con-
gress were the President desirous of
retaining It
• • •
When Mr. Roosevelt came Into of-
fice March 4, 1033. the congress, ac-
cording to the Con-
Legality stltution, held the
Questioned ,t0 lev:v
^ collect taxes, to bor-
row money, to regulate foreign and
domestic commerce, to coin money and
regulate Its value and to govern its
relation to foreign coin, to combat
counterfeiting, to set up Inferior
courts, to declare war and grant let-
ters of marque and reprisal, to raise
and support the army and the navy
and control calls for the militia, to
define and punish piracy, guard the
copyright of creative work, and to
make all necessary laws for carrying
out these various powers,
What has congress retained of these
vast powers, given It by the Constitu-
tion because it represents the people?
There is a divergence of opinion. Sure-
ly, however, there has been delegated
to the President some of the most Im-
portant of those powers, and some
authorities like Senator Borah of
Idaho, and some of the Democratic
conservatives claimed the delegation
has been illegal. Whether that conten-
tion Is true, of course, Is a matter
for the courts.
To examine Just a few of the things
done by congress will Illustrate the
extent to which It went In granting
authority to the President. Take the
laws creating the Agricultural Ad-
justment administration and It will be
seen that the authority to levy and
collect taxes was granted and at the
same time a big handful of control
over Interstate and foreign commerce
was given to the Executive. P.oduc-
tlon control under the so-called Bank-
head cotton control law Is Just that
An Important control over Interstate
and foreign commerce was given the
President also under the national re-
covery act. General Johnson, admin-
istrator, exercises that authority, of
course, but he does so under execu-
tive direction.
While the power Is circumscribed to
an extent, congress gave the President
authority to change the value of the
dollar. He cannot vary It greater than
between fifty and sixty cents, as we
used to measure cents, but the power
to coin money and regulate Its value
rests with Mr. Roosevelt to that ex-
tent. The implications go much fur-
ther. The treasury has an Immense
fund of gold which It can use In main-
taining the relationship between our
dollar and foreign coins.
• • •
Under the present set-up, congress
gave away temporarily the right to
make laws, or a part
U. S. in Many of that authority. In
n • __ nearly all of the acts
Businesses o( ,he New Deal
congress, much discretionary power to
draft regulations and rules for admin-
istration »f the new laws was accord-
ed the Executive. Anti-administration
leaders contend that In using this dis-
cretionary power, the executive branch
has put government Into countless
businesses. Through the Reconstruc-
tion Finance corporation, for example,
the government owns or has Influence
In through the medium of loans such
businesses as banking, dairying, cotton
and wheat and other grain stocks, In
the mortgage field, railroading and in
the various fields of commerce and
Industry such as those touched by the
Tennessee Valley experiment.
In the charity field, the government
has gone a long way. It Is providing
work In numerous ways. Various ex-
periments are being worked out with
these funds, voted by congress for dis-
tribution under the President’s direc-
tion. Some of the money is being used,
for example, for the building of whole
towns In conjunction with a govern-
ment-owned manufacturing plant.
Through NRA, It is to be mentioned
nlso, the anti trust laws were virtually,
If not wholly, suspended. The recov-
ery act made the anti trust laws in-
applicable where corporations signed
the codes and complied with the blue
eagle requirements. Under that same
set of laws, too, the government vir-
tually became a partner in nil busi-
nesses, since It exercises authority
over their manufacturing practices
and policies as well ns their methods
of production and distribution.
Finally, it ought to be mentioned
that no longer enn an Individual sign
a contract by which he will agree to
mnke payment In gold. All such con-
tracts entered Into heretofore, If they
are still in effect, mean nothing be-
cause they cannot he enforced as to
payment In gold. The treasury has
become the owner of all monetary
gold within the confines of the United
States.
• by Wastern Newipeoer Union.
OUTLAWS oE EDEN
... By Peter B. Kyne . . .
SYNOPSIS
At th« clot* of th# M**lcan war,
Robin Karahaw, with his brlda, rod*
Into northeastern California. Here he
found an Ideal raller for eattlo rais-
ing. They christened It Eden Valley.
Below Eden Valley la a lees valuable
traet which Kershaw's wife chrlstene
Forlorn Valley. Joel Heneley, a Texan,
settles In the lower half of the val-
ley. There Is bad fclood over fences
and water for irrigation. Kershaw
kills Hensley and the blood-feud la on,
By 1917, Ranee Kershaw, his son
Owen, and daughter Lorry are all that
remains of one clan. Nate Tlchenor
Is the sole survivor on the Hensley
side. He goes to help Lorry In her car
and finds her father has died of heart
disease. 8ilas Dabson. Forlorn Valley
banker, schemes to control the Irriga-
tion and hydro-electric possibilities of
Eden Valley. He proposes to play
Nate against Lorry, assuming that
they are carrying on the old feud. In
this way getting control of the key
land* necessary to the project. Nate,
however, has no Intention of carrying
on the feud. He telle Lorry that he
and Owen Kershaw. Lorry'a brother,
met In France Just before Owen was
killed. They became buddies, and Nate
promised that if he survived Owen he
would look after Lorry aa a brother
might do.
CHAPTER VI—Continued
—6—
The two days that followed Ranee
Kershaw’s funeral were spent by Nate
Tlchenor at the Bar H headquarters,
until his old superintendent. Rube
Tenney, should arrive and, with his
wife, assume the duty of looking after
Lorry Kershaw's affairs and keeping
her company. He spent those two
days looking over his decayed estate
and formulating plans for Its restora-
tion, but In the midst of these thoughts
his mind constantly shuttled back to a
consideration of Lorry Kershaw and
her affairs. He did not know Silas
Babson except by sight; hence, lacking
knowledge of the man's character, he
waa at a loss to know why Bahson
had so suddenly turned on the Ker-
shaws. Was it possible he had pur-
chased the mortgage because he
feared the holder of It might grant an
extension? If so, then Babson desired
tt, not as an Investment, but as a
weapon. Nate decided finally to try a
shot In the dark and halt Babson’s
operations before they had fairly
started.
The Inability to puzzle out a trail
had always annoyed him; he knew,
too, It must be annoying and harrassing
Lorry Kerahaw to a far greater ex-
tent
She was a fine girl, and If he was
going to be her neighbor he desired
her friendship, not only for both their
sakes but for the sake of all the
Hcnsleya and Kershaws who had died
with their boots on. He'd promised
Owen Kerahaw he'd wave the olive
branch. If and when he should get back
to Eden Valley. . . . What a fine-
looking lad that Owen had been! . . .
All man . . . unexpectedly aentl-
mental. . . . Well, he'd been out of
Eden Valley to a private school for t
few years. . . . He’d been civilized.
"Yes, Owen,’’ Tlchenor soliloquized,
“It Is hard to accept too many favors
from a traditional enemy. The sus-
picion, distrust, and dislike of a half
century aren't to be eradicated In a
day . . . and alia did throw my
check In the fire! Well, she has
something I wont and I'm willing to
pay for It and pay heavily .... That
cursed feud la dead and I’ll not revive
It with a lawsuit. Why rub Into the
girl the knowledge that I’m rolling In
money while she’s bankrupt?"
Forthwith he motored Into Gold Run
and telephoned to hla attorney In San
Francisco. "Tlchenor speaking, I’ad-
don. Listen carefully. Itanceford Ker-
shaw la dead and has left a bankrupt
estate to his sole heir, s dnughter
named Lorraine. But two yonra ago
he gave a deed of gift to his daughter
of those four thousand acrea 1 spoke
to you about—you have the legal de-
scription. Well, Lorraine Kershaw
filed that deed of gift for record very
recently, as I discovered when running
down the title at the court house In
Gold Run. The local hank holds thirty
thousand dollars' worth of Ranee Ker-
shaw's notes, unsecured, overdue and
with Interest in default, and the presi-
dent and controlling owner of that
bank holds also an overdue first mort-
gage In the sum of two hundred and
fifty thousand dollars, with a year's
Interest In default. In addition the
Kershaw estate owes the Bar II Land
and Cattle company more than three
hundred thousand dollars. The bank
and the banker are going to foreclose,
but the Bar II Isn’t.”
"Good news," the lawyer Interjected,
as Nate Tlchenor paused for breath.
“It would seem that the girl Is not In
a position to hold you up, so you ought
to get that four thousnnd acres cheap."
"Precisely. But I’m not going to
give her the opportunity to begin to
think she call hold me up; there'll he
no argument ns to the price. Pm mail-
ing my bank In San Francisco today
• check In Us favor for four hundred
thousand dollars, with Instructions to
Issue a certified check in favor of Lor-
raine Kershaw and send It over to
your office. Meanwhile, prepare a deed
from Lorraine Kerahaw to the Moun-
tain Valley Power company for that
four thousand acres—"
"Why not do a little trading? Offer
tha girl twenty an acra and work up.”
"Listen Paddon. You transact my
legal business for me, but 1 do not
need you for my general manager.
That land la worth four hundred thou-
sand dollars to me if I can get It with-
out a fight and without leaving a bad
taste In Lorry Kershaw’s mouth. I
can afford to pay for my fancies, I
have a fancy for thla four thousnnd
acres, and I fnney It now I But I do
not wish to be known In the premises,
so do not come up yourself to close
this deal. The girl would suspect col-
lusion. Understand?"
“Aye, aye, sir.”
The following afternoon a livery car
from Gold Run arrived at the ranch,
bearing Mr. Rubo Tenney, Mrs, Rube
Tenney, and two little Tenneys, a boy
and a girl. Mr. Tenney, In his younger
day8, had been a Hensley bodyguard,
willing (albeit never called upon to do
so) to kill a Kershaw out of loyalty
to the bread he ate. He was riding
under Nate Tlchenor’s father, and
when the latter died was elevated to
the position of ranch superintendent,
which posltnon he had held with credit
and honor until Nate Tlchenor had
gone out of the cattle busluess. Rube
Tenney was nearly fifty years old now,
but active and still trustworthy. He
greeted his old master as Informally
as If they had not seen each other
since 1917.
"Well, I got your wire ordering me
to report, Nate," Rube Tenney an-
nounced. “So I came a-runnln’."
Tlchenor smiled. When the Bar H
retirement had left Tenney without
a Job, Nate had financed his old super-
intendent In the lease of a ranch and a
band of two thousand sheep. Sheep
were and always had been repugnant
to Rube Tenney, but he had worried
along with the nuisances and even dur-
ing those lean years had managed to
make more than a living off them.
"You left a good man In charge of
your sheep, I hope, Rube?”
“I sold ’em to a good man. My lease
was expiring In October, an’ after
three bad feed years I reckoned I’d
better quit before my sheep died o’
starvation." He handed Nate a
check. "There's the money you staked
me to. I got a few thousand over an’
above that. Thank God, the rest o' my
life will be apent with decent, re-
spectable cows."
"Now's a fine time to git back Into
the cnttle business," Mr. Tenney went
on. "Prices Is advancin' but you can
still stock up cheap."
"I’m not going back Into the cattle
business, Rube. But you are. You're
to be riding boss of the Circle K—on
the salary of a ranch superintendent.”
“Ah! Closin' In on them Kershaws,
eh?" Tenney grinned.
Patiently Nate proceeded to disillu-
sion him, and while he waa doing It
the Tenney head wagged understand-
lngly. “Never did Agger you'd be able
to keep up steam like the Hensleys,”
he declared. "That's your father's
blood. Very well, son. I'm glad to
have tha Job."
"Miss Kerahaw knows all about you
—knows I've sent for you. There's a
Miss Bachman staying with her at
present. Tell her I suggested she send
Miss Bachman back to Valley Center
In this rented car of yours.”
He gazed long and affectionately
after the departing Bube Tenney and
his brood. "Old Faithful,” he solilo-
quized. “He doesn't suspect I bought
him out of the sheep business and
took a loss to do IL But It's worth
It to have him back on the Job—to he
free of worry about that Kershaw girl
and her finances—and mine. Fine Joke
on Rube and me If ahe takes a notion
to lira him—for a woman's reason 1"
But In his heart he knew there waa
little chance of thnt. Lorry Kershaw
was a girl one could trust to know
the value of a good rider and a loyal
employee. And Itube Tenney could
fill the bill.
• •••*• •
When Silas Babson returned to Val-
ley Center he brought with him three
legnl documents, all undated. One was
a petition to the county board of super-
visors for permission to form the For-
lorn Valley Irrigation district; another
was a formal application to the stnte
water commission requesting the allo-
cation to the Forlorn Valley Irrigation
district of the flood or freshet water of
Eden Valley creek; the third waa the
articles of Incorporation of the district.
The attorneys he had consulted,
Messrs. Brooks, Oagan and Brooks had
agreed with him that, under the cir-
cumstances, his strategy was excellent,
but had taken occasion to warn him
that If Nate Tlchenor and Lorraine
Kershaw should decide to oppose his
proposition seriously he would realize
he had a fight on his hands before
he got through with them.
"Under legislation recently enacted
a state water commission has been
appointed and this commission has
control of the so-called unappropriated
waters In all tha streams In this stnte.
Thera arc, undoubtedly, billions of gal-
lons of so-called unappropriated water
In Eden Vallfy creek, and there Is no
doubt but thnt the slate water com-
mission will grant the petition of the
Forlorn Valley Irrigation district for
the allocation to It of these so-called
unappropriated wnters.
"As I understand your situation, U
you cun get your machinery In opera-
tion to enter a condemnation suit be-
fore Tlchenor sella his dam site to this
power company you suspect of having
an Interest In it, and before the Ker-
shaw girl sells her lake alte to the
same power company, you will, by the
filing of that suit, automatically ruin
the aspirations of your competitor, and
you may safely accept my assurance
that you can win such a condemnation
suit. However, what the proposed Irri-
gation district will have to pay Tlche-
nor and Miss Kershaw for these prop-
erties Is, of course, a matter for a
Jury to decide. Your Irrigation district
will have to pay the price within
thirty days or forfeit forever Its right
to acquire the lands."
Babson nodded his comprehension
and the attorney continued: “Your
first choice of an Impounding dam Is
now owned by Tlchenor and the lake
site by Miss Kershaw. If these prop-
erties are sold to the power company,
being a public service utility, cannot
be disturbed In Its possession by an-
other smaller corporation. You under-
stand that point clearly?"
Again Bahson nodded.
“We will assume that this Is exactly
what will come to pass. You will un-
derstand that In the position the power
company will occupy, It will not hnve
to purchase or condemn any writer
rights from Tlchenor and Miss Ker-
shaw. The water will pass over their
ranch lands Just ns It has been passing
for centuries, and the power company
will merely Impound It Just above the
point where It normally goes to waste
on barren lands which still lie In the
public domain. The Department of the
Interior, which has Jurisdiction over
the public domain, will doubtless make
no objection to the Impounding of wa-
ter by the power company, but In the
event that settlers should In the fu-
ture file homesteads on the Infertile
lands Just below the power company's
dam, the power company will he forced
to let such settlers on lands riparian
to the old channel of the stream have
their fair share of the water."
“That Is a contingency which will
never occur, Mr. Gagnn. Those waste
lands, even with Irrigation, will never
attract anybody."
“We will assume you hnve the cor-
rect viewpoint We have already as-
sumed that you will not be able to ac-
quire the Tlchenor dam site and the
Kershaw lake site. Now, have you an
alternative lake site? Unless you have,
Just hand us a check for the cost of
thig Interview and forget your Irriga-
tion project"
Bobaon drew a sheet of paper toward
him and made a rough sketch of Eden
Valley and the surrounding country.
’’This portion of the valley, which la
occupied by Tlchenor and tha Kerahaw
ranches. Is usually referred to as the
Pan," he explained. "Thla narrow can-
yon at tha head of the Pan Is known
as the Handle. By cutting a canal
through a pass In the hills on the
western boundary of Forlorn Valley
and Installing our flood-gate there, the
water can be led from this natural
reservoir by easy gradient along the
northern base of the hills that form
the southern buttress of Forlorn Val-
ley and separate It from Eden Valley.
Thence laterala from thla main canal
will lead the water over some thirty
thousand acrea of Forlorn Valley.
There la a 10 per cent slope."
“And your diversion dam would be
In the public domain, eh? Have you
sufficient political Influence In Wash-
ington to Induce the Department of the
Interior to grant you permission to
erect such a diversion dam, dig your
main canal and Impound your water
Id the public domain?"
Babson smiled. "I feel assured we
can work that game through our local
congressman and senator.”
“Nathan Tlchenor and Lorraine Ker-
shaw," Gagan reminded him smilingly.
"They own lands riparian to Eden
Valley creek below the proposed diver-
sion dnm and may block your aspira-
tion with tha Departiuont of Interior
by claiming you are diverting water
from riparian lands to non-rlparlsn
lands, to their signal loas and dam-
age.”
"But we will not divert their share
of the water, Mr. Gugan. Our plan la
to divert only that portion of the flood
or waste waters allocated to us by the
division of water rights, which Is un-
der the control of the stnte water com-
mission."
"That will be line, provided you can
get away with It," the lawyer replied
dryly. "My partners and I have con-
sidered this new law very carefully
and It la our opinion thnt tt Is subject
to successful attack, by an energetic
and belligerent raparian owner, aa un-
constitutional."
"It's been on tha statute hooka five
years,” Babson challenged. “Why hasn't
It already been declared unconstitu-
tional?"
"Probably because nobody has pressed
tho point Lawyers who could be en-
gaged to tackle such a tough fight are
high-priced, and the men who would
engage them usually cannot afford
them. So the victims make the best
of the situation and get along on the
amount of water allocated to them by
the state water commission."
"Tlchenor and the Kershaw girl will
not fight us," Bahson declared con-
fidently.
"Nevertheless, If they’re smart, they’ll
light you. From what you tell me,
these people come of fighting stock."
“Well, supposo we lose," Babson
countered. "The district can still get
rid of them by condemning all their
lands' water rights and buying them,
can't It?"
"Yes, of course. But you’d still have
the power company on the creek below
you, clamoring for more water than
they would then receive.”
"Wouldn’t the state water commis-
sion have to adjudicate the quarrel?”
Again Gagan smiled hla enigmatic
smile. "I suppose ao. Still, with
these two riparian owner* eliminated
by a condemnation suit, tha Issue
would lie between you and the power
company and If, as you seem to think,
there Is water enough for both, a com-
promise should not be difficult to
reach.”
“It's a chance I'll have to take," Bab-
son answered doggedly, thinking of th*
mortgages his bank held on dry-farm-
ing lands In Forlorn Valley, Once he
succeeded In getting surface Irriga-
tion on those lands their values would
be stabilized—likewise the value of hla
bank's capital stock.
Having gorged himself with legal
Information on every angle of the situ-
ation that confronted him, he paid his
bill and returned to Valley Canter In
great good humor. He had boiled th*
Issue down to Its essentials. The wa-
ter would cost nothing save the ex-
pense of leading It to Forlorn Valley
or, If Nate Tlchenor and Lorry Ker-
shaw should oppose him successfully,
he would have to buy them out via th*
condemnation suit process. If his
plant matured in advance of those of
the power company he suspected of
Interest In the Eden Valley water, h*
was safe. If they didn’t h* would still
not he ruined. And once safely out
of the unpleasant situation In which
he found himself, he cared not a fig
should ruin overtake the district sub-
sequently. He told himself it was high
time he liquidated his various Interests
and retired on the Income from his
capital
The bank was dosed for the day
when Babson reached Valley Center,
so tt was not until he sat down at his
desk next morning that Mr. Henry
Rookby was able to Impart to him
such news of local Interest as had de-
veloped during Babson’s absence.
“Ranee Kershaw's dead," Rookby an-
nounced Immediately. "Dropped dead
of heart disease the day you left for
San Francisco."
TO BS CONTINUED.
Oceans Contain Gold, Silver, Iron
and Many Other Precious Elements
There Is enough gold In the sea to
give every man, woman and child In
the world about $14,000 worth, with
gold at $20 an ounce, If It were all
removed and distributed equally. Such
Is the conclusion which might be
drawn from the most recent estimates
of the composition of soa water con-
tained In the 1933 physical tables of
the Smithsonian Institution, says Pop-
ular Mechanics Magazine.
Each kilogram of sea water contains
about forty-five millionths of one mil-
ligram of gold. The total ocean sur-
face area Is estimated at 805,500,000
square kilometers and the average
depth at three kilometers. The seas
therefore contain about 1,000,000,000
cubic kilometer* of water with an es-
timated weight of one sextllllon kilo
grams—a number represented by the
figure one, followed by twenty-one
ciphers. This would mean about
1,500,000,000.000 ounces of gold, or 700
ounces for each human being.
It Is estimated the oceans contain
Rllver 1.000 times greater than the
amount of gold. Also there are vast
r'oras of Iron, manganese, phosuorus,
Iodine, copper, barium, arsenic and
zinc—all present In sea water In mi-
nute amounts along with such vastly
more abundant elements as chlorine,
sodium, mngneslum, calcium and po-
tassium.
It hns been found thnt the cost of
extracting the precious elements from
sen water Is vastly out of proportion
to the returns. While It has been as-
sumed that the amounts of the va-
rious elements found In the surface
wnter also would be found through-
out the sea, this Is by no means cer-
tain, ns there Is reason to believe tin
amount decreases with depth.
The Name of Hapeburg
TTnpsbnrg, or Hablchtsburg, trans-
lated Into English, is Hawk's eastlo.
It was from Hawk's castle, the gloomy
little mlll-ilke fortress on tho River
Aar In Switzerland, thnt came the
name of Hapsburg, a name borne by a ,
family that ruled Austria for 638
years, or an long that aenreely anyone ^
but the historian today recnlls the
name of their predecessors, the Bubeu-
bergs.—Chicago Tribune,
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Gilbert, J. R. The Plain Dealer (Corrigan, Tex.), Vol. 3, No. 21, Ed. 1 Thursday, July 5, 1934, newspaper, July 5, 1934; (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth645714/m1/2/?q=%22%22~1: accessed July 17, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu.; crediting Livingston Municipal Library.