The Silsbee Bee (Silsbee, Tex.), Vol. 70, No. 27, Ed. 1 Thursday, August 4, 1988 Page: 9 of 22
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COMING NEXT WEEK*
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THE SCIENTISTS TEU ME
Weed Management Practices May Control
Leafminer Populations On Bell Peppers
By Marilyn Brown
TAES Science Writer
Green bell peppers are an
important crop throughout the
nation and for the Lower Rio
Grande Valley of Texas, where
bell peppers were a $23.8
million crop in 1985. On ob-
stacle to production is the
agromyzid leafminer, which can
heavily damage the crop.
Female leafminers puncture
leaves to feed and deposit eggs,
and larvae to feed the leaf. The
invaded leaves have reduced
photosynthetic capacity, which
in turn adversely affects pep-
per yields.
In order to manage the pests,
an understanding of which
weeds in the pepper patch
serve as hosts to leafminers is
important, say L.D. Chandler,
entomologist with the USDA
ARS in Weslaco, and J.M.
Chandler, weed ecologist with
The Texas Agricultural Ex-
periment Station in College
Station. Alternative hosts may
be the source for pest epi-
demics, but they may also be a
reservoir for indigenous na-
tural enemies of the leafminer.
Little is known about the
ecological relationships of leaf-
miners, their enemies or weed
hosts, the researchers say. In
studies conducted in Nova
Scotia in .1986, 16 weed species
were found to be hosts for
Liriomyza trifolii, the most
common species of leafminers
on peppers in the Lower Rio
Grande Valley.
To help fill in the blanks on
leafminer host preference in
Texas, Chandler and Chandler
designed studies to evaluate
the role of four common south
Texas Weeds - pigweed, rag-
weed, common sunflower, and
common purslane - the leaf-
miner-pepper eco system. The
"Teachers Teaching
Teachers"
Workshop Sponsored By
Silsbee Classroom Teachers
August 10
8 A.M.-4:30 P.M.
Silsbee Middle School
*15.00
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aister at 7:30 at the door of Silsbee Middle
objectives were to determine
leafminer preference between
weeds and cultivated bell
pepper in both field and lab-
oratory settings and to eva-
luate the effects of various host
plants on leafminer larval de-
velopment.
Both the field and laboratory
studies strongly suggest that
ragweed and pigweed are sign-
ificantly more attractive to
adult female leafminers, the
researchers say, while commn
sunflower was somewhat less
preferred host in field tests.
While punctures were found
on common purslane, no larvae
were observed, and apparently
eggs were not ovipostied.
Adult female leafminer probab-
ly use purslane as a source of
food when exposure is intense,
such as in the laboratory pro-
cedure. The pests did not make
use of the plant in field sit-
uations, the researchers says.
The research also found that
egg hatch was significantly
delayed on common sunflower
and occured earliest on rag-
weed. Eggs hatched at about
4.4 days on bell pepper and 4.1
days on pigweed. Time frame
from hatch to pupation was
longest on bell pepper and
pigweed, and shortest on sun-
flower. Total develoment time
for oviposition was about 9 days
for bell pepper, common sun-
flower, and pigweed, and about
8 days for ragweed.
In addition, a third of the de-
veloping larvae died on bell
pepper, while 30 percent, 21.4
percent, and 3.9 percent died
on ragweed, pigweed, and
common sunflower, in that
order. Though sunflower was
ot the most prefered host for
feeding and egg laying, the
minimum amount of larval
- death within the sunflower leaf
makes that plant a favorable
habitat for the pests' survival,
the researchers say.
Ragweed appears to be most
preferred for feeding, egg lay-
ing, and mining during peak
plant growth, the researchers
say. Pigweed may also be a
more preferred host compared
to bell pepper later in growing
season.
Management of ragweed,
pigweed, and common sun-
flower may aid in the reduction
of L. trifolii on peppers, the
researchers say.
“In addition, the use of
ragweed and pigweed as pos-
sible trap crops for leafminers
may provide an alternative
management approach for leaf-
miner control in peppers," they
say.
However, the possibilty re-
mains that leafminers may be
conditioned to deposit eggs
only on a certain host plant, and
in that event, trap plantings
would be useless. Ascertaining
host-conditioning in leafminers
will require more research, the
scientist say.
Safety Belt Use Up
In Past Six Months
Six out of ten Texans now
buckle up when they get behind
a steering wheel. According to
a survey conducted in June for
the highway department,
safety-belt usage has increased
since January, and is less than
six points from the peak rate
reported in 1986.
The statistics are based on a
semiannual survey by the
Texas Transfortation Institute.
In the 1986 TTI study, ob-
servers recorded driver re
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Studio Hours: Daily: 10 a.m. until one hour prior to store closing; Sunday
(where open): store opening until one hour prior to store closing
5 Days Only!
| Wednesday, August 10 through Sunday, August 14
SILSBEE, TX
101S BAST AVENUE N
straint use in 14 cities to
determine average compliance.
Four additional cities were sur-
veyed in the two 1980 studies.
The 14-city average in 1986,
shortly after the law mandating
seat-belt use took effect, was
66.1 percent. That average
dropped to 55.7 percent by
January of this year, but climb-
ed to 60.6 percent in June - a
gain of 4.9 percentage points.
The 18-city figure rose even
more, from 54.1 percent in
January to 59.2 percent in June
- a 5.1-point rise.
“We attribute much of the
rise to stronger law enforce-
ment efforts," said Gary
Trietsch, safety and traffice
operations engineer with the
highway department. "Without
police out there writing tickets,
some people just won’t take the
time to buckle up," he said.
"We’re very encouraged by
the increase in safety-belt use,”
Trietsch added. “Public educa-
tion is important in getting
people to understand why they
should use seat belts, but it
seems some people have to
believe they really might get a
ticket before they’ll change
their behavior," he said.
Laredo showed the most
startling change, increasing
compliance by 17.7 percentage
points between January and
June, followed by El Paso with
a 17-point rise and Tyler with a
14.3-point increase. All three
cities recently have made sub-
stantial increases in enforce-
ment. Laredo, Tyler, and Aus-
tin participate in a federally
funded program to encourage
safety-belt enforcement. Aus-
tin has the state’s second-high-
est usage rate at 72.8 percent,
while Corpus Christi takes top
honors with 83.3 percent.
“The bottom line is that
safety belts save lives, and
making Texas highways safer is
what we’re out to accomplish,”
•aid Trietsch. Several state
agencies, including the high-
way department, have adopted
the national goal of achieving 70
percent usage of safety belts
and child-safety seats by 1990.
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THE SILSBEE BEE
3SM1TI
THE SILSBEE BEE
THE SILSBEE BEE, THURSDAY, AUGUST 4,1988, SECTION 2, PAGE 1
TIPS
Snakebite •
Don't Panic
ONE IN A MILLION — Pam Quinn (tacond from loft) of Sour Loka In Southeast
Texas visited Sea World of Texas on Saturday, June 25, and become the park's
1.000,000th guest. Shown greeting Mrs. Quinn, daughter Amber, husband Rocky
and son Chris Dunlap are George J. Seeker Jr. (second from right), Sea World ot
Texas chairman, and some of Sea World's popular characters. Mrs. Quinn's visit
occurred on Sea World of Texas' 72nd day of operation. The 250-acre, $170 million
marine lite showplace opened in San Antonio on April 15 and celebrated its grand
opening Memorial Day weekend.
Reduce Solar Heal
Awnings, shutters, overhangs.
louvered screens and trees can re-
duce solar heat gain by as much
as 80 percent.
If you still think a tourniquet
is the best first aid for a
snakebite, think again.
Glenn Calabrese, emergency
physician at Texas College of
Osteopathic Medicine, says
there are some things NOT to
do in the event of a snakebite.
Don’t use a tourniquet. Don't
cut the wound and suck out the
poison Don't pack the bite in
ice. And don’t panic
What you should do is make
the victim rest, keep him warm
and remove constricting cloth-
ing or jewerly from the location
of the bite, most frequently the
arm or leg. Immobilize the arm
or leg below the heart to slow
the circulation of the poison in
the bloodstream. Carry the
victim to a car, and take him to
a hospital as soon as you can.
Also kill the snake and take it
with you, if you can
Dr Calabrese says there are
many different kinds of poison-
ous snakes in Texas, and not all
have the triangular head we are
taught to watch for Some 1,500
Texans are bitten by snakes
every year. And while snake-
bites rarely kill people, they do
deserve prompt medical at-
tention.
VIDKOPOLIS SIPLRSTAR SPECIAL...A one-hour program
featuring concert and behind-the-scenes footage, is hosted by Jonathan
Prince and stars some of today's hottest young recording artists in-
cluding Shanice Wilson, Nia Peeples and three members of The Jets.
It premieres on the Disney Channel, August 9 at 8-.00 PM, F.T PT.
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Read, R. L. The Silsbee Bee (Silsbee, Tex.), Vol. 70, No. 27, Ed. 1 Thursday, August 4, 1988, newspaper, August 4, 1988; Silsbee, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth821105/m1/9/: accessed July 17, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu.; crediting Silsbee Public Library.