The Harper Herald (Harper, Tex.), Vol. 26, No. 22, Ed. 1 Friday, May 30, 1941 Page: 3 of 4
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Page Three
The Harper Herald, Harper, Texas
Friday, May 30th, 1941,
Conservation Reversed
In Destruction Of Texas Cedar
Plea to Presene Natural
Cover Issued
By MARY CARTER
In May 11, 1941 San Antonio Light
Under the title of National For-
est service, the goal of forestry, as
stated by technicians in this field
is ‘the systematic use and manage-
ment of our forests to best serve
mankind.” This statement was
made in the Centennial edition of
the Texas Forest .Service pamphlet
issued by Texas Agricultural and
Mechanical college in co-operation
with the mill managers of Texas.
Yet the term ‘conservation,’ as
used in this pamphlet, has come to
receive a strange meaning in recent
years when applied to the native
growth of cedar trees in Texas.
With this apparently worthy aim
in mind, it is with painfully ironic
effect that one may now view our
rural districts, especially those
areas located in the western part
of the state. Formerly, these re-
gions were covered with cedars, but
now the slopes are almost destitute
of their dark green foliage, and the
hills rise gaunt and sharp against
western skies whose unflattering
brightness exposes the charred re-
mains of tree trunks on the barren
soil.
It is from a long and memorable
past of service and adoration that
the cedar enters into the history of
the Southwest as a type of regional
flora. From earliest times in re-
corded times the beauty and value
of the cedar has been recognized.
It was a symbol of eternal life to
the Egyptians because it never
shed its leaves, and they called it
the Tree of Life. This same char-
acteristic of the cedar’s verdure
suggested to the Hebrews the name
of the Tree of God. It was selected
by Solomon in building his temple.
Indian Uses
In America the cedar held great
value for the Indians. They handed
down many of the uses to which
the white settlers put the cedar.
The Spaniards, in building their
missions in the more arid regions
of Texas, used rough-hewed cedar
posts and boards for ceiling beams,
door and window frames. In Mis-
sion San Jose de Aguayo near San
Antonio, the native wood graced
the chapel itself. The original choir
loft railing was made of cedar, of
which 14 banisters are still in use.
And there is preserved a crude
crucifix made of cedar which the
priests used in services for the In-
dians.
. Despite its long and splendid
period of usefulness, the cedar has,
unjustifiably, come to be classed in
recent years as a ‘noxious' and
‘destructive’ plant, with the result
that people are being paid annually
to cut and burn thousands upon
thousands of cedars on the hills
and plains of Texas.
This work of clearing the un-
cultivated land of Western Texas
had its origin in a so-called range
conservation program planned and
launched by the national govern-
ment through the department of
agriculture. And it has resulted in
one of the most glaring and costly
examples of technical and adminis-
trative inconsistency that could
ever be displayed on such a broad
scale.
other typical range plants. It is a
recognized fact among agricultur-
ists that the cedar which is eomuion
to the Southwest requires little
moisture and grows principally in
poor, rocky soil where little else
will grow. And from this fact it
naturally follows that the destruc-
ion of the cedar in order to use the
land on which it grows with the
hope that it will, by some theoret-
required for replenishing a stand
of cedars, with its potential uses
with that needed for a yearly sup-
ply of cattle, cannot help but show
the serious loss incurred by the
destruction of the trees.
The conditions which gave rise to
this drastic clearing work were, ac-
cording to the program supervisors,
that range destroying plants, name-
ly the cedar, had caused depletion
Family-Size Farm Ownership
Is Aim Of F. S. 1 Program
ical means, become enriched, is not of the original grazing capacity of
only blind extravagance with the the land and that consequently
natural resources but also merci- ranchmen could not maintain the
less penury. full quantity of cattle which the
The section in the Range Con- acreage was supposed to support,
servation Program bulletin dealing Invalid Plea
4-H Club Membership
Increased In Texas
And Nation
COLLEGE STATION, May 22.
Tenant purchase loans, for which
applications are now being taken
at the Farm Security Administra-
tion office, are intended to help
worthy tenant farmers to buy fam-
ily-size farms, according to. Willie
J. Berg, farmer and chairman of
with the elimination of the cedar This averred need to enlarge Texas, with 88,091, ranked second
these long-term, low-interest
loans. This means that the family
that raises most of its food and the
ately by a paragraph dealing with tain an increased number of cattle, 4-H Club enrollment in 1940, M. L
the ‘planting and maintaining a authors of the range system have Wilson, director of the Federal Ex- tor
stand of trees ... on range land.” used as a guiding principle. But it tension Service at Washington, D.
This, combination produces a puz- is not valid, at least not in terms c. reports. According to L. L.
zling contradiction. If questions of of practices advocated by similar Johnson and Onah Jacks, state club *lvestocfj aa p°a *"y ee 011 e
meaning are here disregarded, it authorities in recent years. agents, the Texas total represents a^™ W1 ave. e es, C an^‘
" t0 Pr0tea lhe erUU“g :^o^C^Sana^Sr to whom these loans are
First Listed wide-spread killing of cattle because f0r the entire country was 1,420,- »nade. It a so he ps to \a ue t e
Specialists in the field of forest there were ‘too many cattle.” The 279 for 79,721 4-H boys’ and girls’ . ta™s which t ey buy.
conservation have classified forests ranchmen who co-operated in this clubs, including 4,144 in Texas. I amides 0 w om lese oans are
in two ways according to the pur- plan were paid in proportion to the j The 4-H Clubs are organized by ™ade pick ou e tarm ey ope
poses they serve. They are the com- cattle they killed. Throughout the Extension Service agricultural 0 uy an ey ^ qn! nf 6
mercial forests and the protection : ranching area of the state, the put- agents and home demonstration to tuny-improved arms. I e oan
forests. Protection forests are de- refymg carcasses of dead cattle agents in the counties, who advise may include un s to bui or re-
fined as those forests which ‘serve could be seen scattered over the j with the boys and girls in their p£Ur he home, barn, an 01 o rer
their highest purpose by assisting pastures. The bodies were intact, demonstrations and meetings. Club improvements.
| in the control of water run-off and cattle, the ranchers were told were members learn ‘by doing’ the best I Uther members ol e en
In the words of the organizers greatly reducing, if not entirely so plentiful that they did not even methods for carrying on some farm TexLP and
the chief aim of the program is the i preventing, erosion.’” Under the bother to salvage the hides. Now and home activity. Club members TTn^ FroTricksburp-
‘conservation of soil on range i heading of protection forests the a system is launched for destroying keep records of their work, report ^ s. J? fnr loJf’
land.” This need, they continue, I cedar brakes are the first listed. the only kind of timber which a 0n the work achieved, give public ^ s* App !
‘arises from the fact that the orig-i Of the forested areas in Texas large portion of the state can demonstrations of the methods used nmy oe ma e ar _
22,500,000 of acres are classed as boast, all for the purpose of im- and exhibit results of work at live- W °mc<l l0*;at;ed \ tie T L
protection forests. And a large per- proving grazing land in order to stock shows, fairs and other public H°ase> hmlenc^s ^uig, ^J~xas.^
centage of this area is located in raise greater numbers of cattle. affairs. Clubs meet at regular in- ine.cy1 s
the western part of Texas where The inconsistency and self-con- tervals, elect officers from their ±r?m infancy
the devastating work of cedar elim- tradiction in these practices might' memberships, and carry out pro- school (pre-sc ooi peno ) ,orms a
ination is now being carried on. be overlooked, provided they did gams which they have helped to oua a,10n, °.r i,13 &C N,16S an.
Agricultural authorities say that not involve costly ana irreparable plan. The pograms are designed to conduct, p ysica y, socia y, an ^
one of the principal causes respon- harm to our native forests and the contribute to the progress of their menta J or a er i e. e pur-
sibie for the existence of the dust latent resources they possess. communities in better rural living. pose 0± the. sam(mef roun. up 0
bowl area and the ruinous floods What the loss of our cedar for- : More than 8,000,000 rural boys tie c i ren is a oi arousing e
in the Ohio valley is the steady ests will mean in future years can- and girls have been members of interest of e paien s an lmprov-
clearing of heavier vegetation and not be accurately determined. It 4-H Clubs since the work became *nS tae ,eaaT 0 ?e C * j;ei\ en~
timber from the land for cultivation cannot be expected that the land of nation-wide with the passage of the te™lg school tor t e irs mm,
or other purposes. And under the this state will suffer less harmful Smith-Lever Act in 1914. an to jin^ a ou COn mous mf.1
supervsion of the government, ex- consequences than those evidenced ooo-- ^ and de1ntal supervision of chil-
tensive planting oi" trees has been in the dust bowl area and in Ohio. * tv.. -.:..:... * u„..x dren of all ages, especially those
carried on in some parts of those Housing Need
areas. To prevent similar conditions If the housing program, ship-
of soil erosion which are sure to building and other defense projects
follow the wide scale destruction of carried on by the government are
cedar timber in Texas, and to avoid continued over a period of years
Dairy Cows Should Be
Kept Contented
COLLEGE STATION, May 29.—
In order for a dairy cow to pro-
duce most efficiently, she should
have the capacity to yield a. large
quantity of milk and at the same
time have the raw materials from
which to create it. Another require-
ment which is almost as important,
says G. G. Gibson, assistant exten-
sion dairyman for A. and M. Col-
lege, is that the conditions for
doing the work must be favorable,
namely, she should be kept a con-
tented cow. Anything contributing
to the comfort and well-being of a
cow usually is classed as manage-
ment.
‘Each oversight in management
takes its share of profit and omis-
sions in management seldom result
in decrease in costs of production,”
Gibson says. ‘A shade over a water
trough, for example, costs little
and not having one in hot weather
results in less milk. Keeping breed-
ing dates costs nothing, yet the
lack of a proper rest period could
decrease the total production for
the succeeding lactation by 25 to
50 percent.”
A safety bullpen might cost a
and the defects which were present
were corrected before the school
term opened. This is an accom-
plishment looked to with pride.
dairyman $100,‘ but it will prolong
the useful life of the bull and
might save the dairyman’s life.
Other details of dairy herd man-
agement are location of pastures
near the milking barn, convenient
water supply, and shade or shelter
for the herd according to conditions
of the weather.
‘Above all, handle the herd so
that the cows will not become wild
or nervous. Gentle treatment makes
a gentle herd and helps make a
profitable herd,” the specialist
counsels.
-ooo--
CO-OP PECAN SPRAYING
COLLEGE STATION, May 22.—
Although equipment to spray pecan
trees thoroughly may cost from
$1,000. to $1,500 a pecan growers’
marketing association at Albany,
Georgia, has solved that problem.
With a government loan of several
thousand dollars the association
bought two of the best sprayers
made. These have been mounted
with tanks on truck beds and are
accessible to contracting pecan
growers for a 40-mile radius. Last
year all trees were sprayed accord-
ing to the recommendations of ex-
tension entomologists, and the
growers reported the best quality
crop of pecans in years.,
One hen normally will eat about
80 pounds of fed a year, of which
approximately one half should be
The Parent Teachers Association j mash and one half grain, in order
wishes to thank those persons who to obtain best results.
inaL grazing capacity has been
gradually cut down by droughts,
overgrazing, rodents and noxious
plants.” They insist that ‘gradual
depletion of grass not only has
meant a serious loss of forage to
stockmen, but also has left the
fertile topsoil of large areas of
range land exposed to eresion.”
Disappointing
The aim of soil conservation
which the organizers have set up
for the program is theoretically
worth while and commendable. But
the effect is not only disappointing
but also literally destructive ;' de-
structive to what little ferility and
vegetation nature has supplied the
regions affected.
One of he principal means of
conserving the soil and preventing
erosion is, according to the pro-
gram bulletin, by eliminating ‘de-
structive plants.” These include the
cedar as well as the mesquite and
have so willingly given their time
and energy in making possible the
success of last years summer
background i roundup program,
entering of
Cotton provides more clothes and
cloth for mankind than all the
world’s other textiles put together
GROCERIES, FRUITS, VEGETABLES,
CANDIES, FLOUR, TOBACCO,
and COLD DRINKS.
We will be glad to buy on handle on consignment your Wool &
Mohair. Lochte Storage & Commission Co. Representative.
“THE STORE OF GOOD THINGS TO EAT”
J. F. Wedekind’s
A Prediction About
Eggs
COLLEGE STATION, May 29.—
xxx xv-a™, ~xxxx — —xx.v., cx j^xxxxxxx. xx^ The time will come when eggs will , , . , ,,
the necessity of having to restore, the present commercial forests will be sold in Texas according to gov- Iae^j:a y> an en ga*a
apparently healthy”. The summer
roundup itself is to have the chil-
dren examined early in summer for
any possible ‘defects’ that might
be present either physically or
qteSNAPSHOT GUILD
RAINY WEATHER PICTURES
in part at least, the original growth soon be exhausted; and the cedar,
of timber in order to rehabilitate noted for its durability, may again
the soil, advantage should be taken come into its own and be in great Murray, Extension Service special
eminent grade.
In making this prophecy, Myrtle
child examined in the fall to see if
the necessary repairs have been
details can be
Texaco Service Station
TIRES. TUBES, BATTERIES, and
ACCESSORIES.
SERVICE WITH A SMILE”
Oill’s Lunch Room
HAMBURGERS, SANDWICHES,
and COFFEE.
“COLDEST BEER In TOWN”
of the trees already growing on the
land.
It seems that the one quality of
the cedar which might prevent the
growth of grass within the spread
of its branches is that the early
stages of this growth, limbs, origin-
ate from the trunk very close to
the grouna.
Close to Ground
demand. 1st in home industries, points out
Aside from the great material that 10 states already have made
damage entailed through wide scale grading compulsory. She believes
destruction of the cedar, there re- the ideal method of marketing eggs
mains yet another loss of equally -would be for the producer to de-
great significance. This latter loss liver his eggs to a central place
is not altogether tangible but is where they could be candled and , , . , „
of a symbolic nature. Our native graded by an expert, then sold by
cedar represents a silent but a liv- lots according to grade. This means Q Q ° OYQVY1iriln,r
ing link with the period of the the best eggs would draw a pre
brought out if the medical record
forms furnished by the National
Congress of Parent Teachers asso-
ciation is studied carefully before
you take your child for the exam-
ination. The physical hindrances
such as bad tonsils, bad teeth, en-
Tiiese branches the ree, seldom pioneers and colonization, both that ! mium price
loses, and in course of time, the
dense shade and he shore disance
from the ground of the lower
limbs might prevent grass from tak
ing root immediately around the
trunk. However, if these low
branches were properly trimmed
from the trunk for a distance of
three to six feet from the ground,
sufficient sun and water would
reach the soil under the tree to
supply a rank carpet of grass
of the early Spaniards and the lat-
er Anglo-Saxons.
Like the Black Forest of Ger-
many, the cedar brakes nre no less
rich in legends and folk lore. Stor-
eis of wild men of the cedar brakes
were living forms of oral literature
some 40 or 50 years ago in what
is now Lampasas and San Saha
counties. But the trees themselves
detected by the examining physi-
cian, but the medical history of
' each patient is just as important.
; The short time that the doctor sees
the child is quite insufficient to
xx x • x--p xi, 1 determine the temper tantrum,
state to justify the expense of em- , r , e ^
1 speech difficulties, or any inform-
ation concerning the childs daily
! routine such as sleeping, eating,
Eggs are not sold in sufficient
volume in many sections of this
ploying a licensed grader.
The United States Standard is
used as a basis for grading eggs
at many of the large terminal mar-
kets in the country. Under this
plan, eggs, graded by a licensed
operator, are placed in sealed car-
exercise, or illumination. It is vi-
tally important that all of this
information is known and be con-
sidered in determining the fitness
are fast disappearing, and there tons with certificates of quality |of J^ur_ ch11.!d„1fl)r
may remain only the tradition as approved by the Agricultural Mar-
There should be as good care
This process of pruning would be colorful, as exciting and far more keting Service. Not only the grade taken of a child’s baby teeth as of
necessary only once during the life realistic than any legend of the but the date of grading, and the
of the tree, since it does not sprout Robin Hood cycle of Sfterwood for- size of the egg are given 'on the
suckers on the trunk below the
line of spreading branches, once
that line has been established. This
method will have prepared it in due
time for use as cedar posts or oth-
er valuable construction purposes.
It takes 20 years for a cedar to
grow from a seeding to an aver-
age-sized tree. With the improved could claim as its own.
methods which are used today for j —----onn-
raising stock, it takes only one
year’s, feeding and growth to pre-
pare either a calf or goat for the
market. A comparison of the time
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WOOL & MOHAIR
See Us This Spring When Ready to Sell or to Store
Your Clip For Sale.
CASH ADVANCES
Made On Either Wool or Mohair!
WOERNER
COW FEED
TRY A SACK OF
WOERNER
COW FEED AND
LAYING MASH!
Every Sack Sold With A
MONEY - BACK GUARANTEE!
WOERNER
Mash
PUBLIC FEED GRINDING AND MIXING DONE
AT ANY TIME. LET US GRIND AND MIX YOUR FEED SO YOU WILL GET
FULL VALUE OUT OF YOUR FEED.
WE CARRY A COMPLETE LINE OF,..
FEED AND
ST A F F E L
STOCK REMEDIES!
ALWAYS IN THE MARKET TO BUY YOUR CORN - OATS - WHEAT - HIDES, ete-
PHONE
57
WOERNER WAREHOUSE
IIKIIIIl
IMW1I
E. L. WOERNER,
Prop,
BBBBBBBBBBBMBVB
est. Traditions ;of marauding In- certificate. Size is important, Miss
dians lurking in the cedar’s dark, Murray says. A dozen eggs should
green shadows, of highwaymen of be uniformly large, uniformly
lone travelers who lost their way medium or uniformly small, and
and whose skeletons were found all should be fairly uniform in
many years later, are all that may shape. Color is least important, but
remain of a once great and ex- all white or all brown <eggs are
tensive forest that the Southwest more attractive.
Care is an important factor in
maintaining the quality of eggs.
They should be gathered in a wire
basket and kept in a cool place
where there is a good circulation of
air. This will prevent deterioration.
Eggs should be gathered at least
twice daily and marketed two or
three times a week.
Poultry specialists of the A. and
M. College Extension Service have
Not “Naturally” Lazy
COLLEGE STATION, May 22.— !
Children aren’t born lazy; . they j
learn to be.
That’s a tip from Disca Hale, Ex- ;
tension Service specialist in family j
relations, who explains that no
healthy, normal individual is natur-
ally lazy. Young children/she says,
are energetic and eager to find out
new things about the world around
them.
Children may learn to he lazy if
.adults give them too much super-
vision. In fact, some adults watch
children so closely they have no
opportunity to experience new yet
simple undertakings in their own ---
way. Austin, May 28—‘Texans can aid
Then some children are lazy be- agriculture—the life blood of the
cause people around them are lazy, State—by urging Congress to pro-
the specialist says, calling atten- vide a two-price .system for mark-
tion to the way children are great eting crops,” State griculture Corn-
imitators. In addition, there are missioner J. E. McDonald declared
children who use laziness as a today.
your adult teeth. It is a common
belief among the layity that be-
cause baby teeth are lost at a cer-
tain age there is no need in keep-
ing them repaired. This is quite a
mistake. If these baby teeth are
removed too early due to neglect,
the adult teeth erupt too soon
causing them to decome prominent
and have an irregularity of the
teeth and a deformity of the jaw;
this results in an inability of the
child to chew the food properly,
and the child becomes backward
due to a disfigured mouth. Leaving
the teeth too long will also cause
the same deformities. Constant su-
pervision as necessary.
Last year out of the 17 counties
in this district, Austin and Freder-
icksburg were the only two cities
which were recognized for the work
in ttlie summer roundup. A! chld-
Dori’t worry about rain—just seize the picture chances that it creates,
’ Indoors and out. Try indoor shots such as this, using your photo lights
to brighten up the shadow side of the subject.
T) AINY weather brings its own
■lx picture opportunities, and
there’s no need to fold up your
jamera and tuck it away when the
water comes showering down.
Rather, you should have the cam-
era out and keep it doubly busy.
Rain brings you reflections on
the wet streets—a misty quality
in the air that lends interest to
prepared material on the grading
of eggs during summer months,!^ une summer ruumiup. emu-
and copies are obtainable from the j1™ school we*e examined
office of county extension agents.
scenes about town—and a chance
for many human-interest shots.
Pictures of people hurrying along
under umbrellas—window-sbopping
in streaming raincoats—these are
interesting additions to the album
simply because they’re so rare.
Rain also brings you many an in-
teresting “detail” shot—such as the
spurting gutter-spout, or the wet
umbrella and overshoes in the hall,
m a small puddle of their own
making. Such snaps can be both
Interesting and pictorial. And
what about outdoor scenes, taken
through a streaming or rain-spat-
tered window? Just focus sharply
on the window itself, and if the
scene beyond is a bit out Of focus,
■so much the better—it will have
more of & genuine rainy-day feel-
ing.
If it’s a rainy afternoon, the;
children will be at home. Seizej
this opportunity for those indoor:
shots that need a daylight effect.|
The rainy-day light is soft —not
harsh like direct sun. Supplement
it with the photo light that you
use for night shots, and you’ll ob-
tain delightful pictures — Billy at:
a window, with ball and catcher’s
mitt, peering out at the wet land-
scape; Betty with her paper dolls,
on the window-seat. You’ll like the;
quality of these “indoor-daylight”|
pictures. .
The purpose of using the photo
lights is just to brighten up the
shadow side of your subject. The
proper film is a high-speed type,
such as you use for night snap-;
shots. This film is also best for
outdoor shots on a rainy day—;
it’s faster, and so you can make
snapshot exposures despite the
weaker light.
Don’t fret about rainy days. Take
advantage of them. They bring
you picture opportunities that are
novel—interesting—and lend va-
riety to your album. ^
John van Guilder i
McDonald Urges Two-
Price System For
Marketing Crops
means of getting what they want.
‘If a child is active, full of curi-
osity ,and busy Learning things, the
adults around must devote more
time to providing play equipment
‘As the national House of Re-
presentatives has devoted thirty
days to agricultural hearings, and
with the U. S. Senate planning to
hold a thirty day hearing, it is
for the child or else spend much plainly evident that Congress rea-
of their time keeping him ‘out of lizes the vital need for a more con-
things,’ ” Miss Hale comments. structive and enduring agricultural
Other children may learn to be program.”
lazy because they get the idea ‘An agricultural program is need-
from otters that there is something ed which will not be (dependent up-
degrading about hard work. on annual appropriations from, our
Herhaps the most serious reason national treasury—already ‘in the
for many children having little
energy is because they eat too little
food or the wrong kinds of food.
The specialist emphasizes that
red’ to the staggering amount of
seventy million dollars, and due to
have a deficiency of ninety million,
according to RFC head, Jesse
■well balanced diet helps to make a Jones,” McDonald commented.
child energetic, playful, and happy,
and his development depends to a
great extent upon his getting and
learning to eat the right food.
‘Our farmers must have full par-
ity prices for that product consum-
ed domestically, and a world mar-
ket for that portion of our pro-
ducts shipped abroad,” McDonald
said.
A resolution urging Congress to
In one Texas county, 325 of 371
eligible farmers have signed inten-
tion sheets for participating in the provide for a full parity price has
AAA’s 1941 cotton supplementary1- been introduced in the U. S. Sen-
program. The deadline for signify- ate by Senator Thomas pf GWa-
ing intention to comply is June 15. terna, McDonald stated.
LET US HANDLE WOO! 1 I
YOUR NEXT cm DF......... ...............If 1-4 • |
Either Buy or Sen, or Will St/Ore Bor Later Sale. Past sales have proven Satisfactory to %
everybody. No dip too large or too small! Our Trucks For Your Convenience. Phone 34. J
HERE’S WHAT SUCESSFDL FARMERS SAY ABOUT “GUFFY” COW FEED; f
“I know it’s the Best! I’ve been using it for yeaffs,” |
t
EAEMERS throughout Gillespie County
know they can always buy the finest %
feeds and seed and other fa rip supplies 4*
at Lochte Storage & Commission Co. for %
genuinely low prices. You .never fail to
get your money’s worth and more when X
you buy here. These values are typical
of those you’ll always find here. X
X
STOCK MEDICINES I
X
Of all kinds and Dips, such as Cooper’s *t*
Cattle Dips, Sulphur Dip, Cooper’s Pack- X
age Dip, Bone Oil, Screw Worm Medicine
Pine Tar Oil, Martin’s Branding Liquid, »!♦
etc. Y
I
|
Storage & Commission Co. |
i ERNST LOCHTE FELIX HEIMANN ?
FREDERICKSBURG, TEXAS X
X
LOCHTE
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The Harper Herald (Harper, Tex.), Vol. 26, No. 22, Ed. 1 Friday, May 30, 1941, newspaper, May 30, 1941; Harper, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth896786/m1/3/: accessed July 6, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu.; crediting Harper Library.