The Sonora Sun. (Sonora, Tex.), Vol. 6, No. 18, Ed. 1 Saturday, November 14, 1908 Page: 2 of 8
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THE NITROGEN PROBLEM.
ft Is Not Solved ss F.asil/ as Sorre
Farmers Suppcte
Tl.«- :
t :i\ *njf
clinnu
im« *
Th*
hoi*
-»*ifRc*i**ut *•!«>
ill solv♦* th.-
ilit> probt* : .
'li’i
iniation. by
s Farmer*' R»*vi
mt. witli N-uun..
:.i .s solvablt*.
as sou;** p**’*-
K'*r ai a farm*
\ ioration In
oi «»th#*r b i{*
ros* n pa i t of
: ilrt.”
not covr*r Hi*•
in* afifs. «!«*•
How call a
♦ t * I.- \ he nil i o
p#»n <|ii**s'i«»u wtiHi ill* !<miiii»'S cannot
flr«t j.lafc*?
w|»*n th**> Jo kjo*
, .'an- i»* fore tioJul**s
on's without which
a-* in niiroiccQ can
[.}**-iih that the * bcap-
v ni>nigrn Is to buy
c»*n f s a pounJ. If
ars to u»-t nitrogen
rh« h*l|» of le^otnin
iful**!' flu* best e.itulr
L»*l »>||Olll!h of it to
he inacli- ff> ^r«»
Am! «»ft* ii ♦ v« n
w# il. it m hm\* !.,
fj*- \ * h>p • »ll I he
iumJuIch no i;i«
be rnaj*
It ver> often hi
* 1 w a \ f <i »i i j 11
it even at t*'
*.»k»s seveial ’•1
from the air b>
<»u* plants. * \ *ii
non*. that is. fi
4 mint for much.
The process of irath**: ir.it nitrogen
from the air is one of growth ami «le- 1
ray. A soil Jehcient in nitrogen can-
not produce th* plants desired, and If
they are produced fhe> will he
rmall anil weak that they will amount
to not him; when they J* < ay There-
fore before plants can b* mown at all
luxuriantly it is necessary to adil to
th»* s4»il nltrog*-n as well as other ele-
ment s of plant food «
It is better to add t«» the soil a lib-
eral amount of pome form of nitrogen
oup fertiliser than t«» take changes on
gradually developing the nitrogen
producing bacteria in the soil. There-
fore in th** very first stages of solving
the nitrogen problem, it may be neces-
sary to make considerable purchases
if chemical nitrogen.
Hut after the first good Mart has t
1»< « n made, it should not be necessary
to a'ain have resort to commercial
nitrogen. There a»e many plants that
are hardy and produce pods, and alb
pod-producing plants are nitrogen
gatherers. Kit her clover or peas will
p’and severe conditions of drought. If
they .»re well rooted Clover and al
fa If a will both stand winter condi-
tions W here red clover will n*»t do
well, alsyke clover or white clover
will
In some sect Ions, coif peas and soy
b* ars w ill do well and tan be grown
for i lowing under Southern localities
are. however lik**ljf to reap the m*.»*
bejndlt from these two plants. This
must l*e said about cow peas and soy
Immins, that they have a limited root ,
system ami so if only the roots are
plow-d under they do not give the
leoelclil results secured from the
plowing under of a clover soil
In any rotation carried on for the
purp< »e of keeping up th* supply of
nitrogen, the leguminous crop must
be brought in often enough to give the
results desired. How often this le-
guminous crop should he grown will
depend on the natural richness
of the particular field in nitrogen and
also on the kinds of crops being gen-
erally grown as well as the quantities
of crops taken «*ff
KEEPING SEED CORN.
See That It It Thoroughly Dry fiefc^e
Freezing Weather.
Never let it freeze before it is dry
We have had seed corn expoied to a
temperature of
ffSi iSI
"0 degrees be-
low zero without
InjuriiiK Its vi-
tality. and have
hml it mint’d at
^ ten degrees uho\e
z«-r«>. We would
not recommend
kiln drylDK for
the general (aimer, as this is only
l>raetical where a grower Is in the
*< ed business.
We have found. -avs Farm and
lltiuie. a very convenient way Is to
lake four pieces 1st six feet lone, set
i hem up In a square, and nail laths on
them two and two opposite leave a
six inch space between the laths so
the corn will have plenty of ventila-
tion. lay- your corn on this to dry,
and If thoroughly dry it can lay there
all winter
Cerrent and Steel Culverts.
The pi Ice of lumber In the near
future wITI stop the bh a of building
bridges and culverts of wood. Cement
and steel must take its plnee. There
Is nothing cheaper than cement. If
durability is figured It Is cheaper
than corrugated steel, glared sewer
pipe, lumber or east iron pits-. Itrldges
will come to ho made of arched spans
of concrete. Kteel beams cement cov-
ered. or steel bamt with checkered
steel floor* Iflllng. piers and abut-
ments can he made of concrete and
will stay for all time
CRIEF HINTS.
V. ver i ut soil or seds on top of a
Zttavel road. It simply means mud la
wet wether and dust when the season
Is dry
Supply fit** hopper so the mill will
grind, no matter what kind of an an!
mat yoitr mill may be.
lie geo I io you*self by being good
to war stock
TILE DRAINING PAYS.
One Farmer W«c la Certain Tnat the
Investment is a Wse Cne.
In my opinion tile will iav the larg-
est [Hrssible dividends on ni mey in-
vested writes an Iowa farmer in. Or-
ange Judd Fainter I do not rare how
much or how Utile is put in t! < profit*
will lie in proportion.
My experience indictees t'..it the
tib* drains should be laid below the
frost line 1 confess, however, that
I never heard of .m> damage to a
tile drain from frost. Experience in-
dicates that a depth of d to 31 v feet
is most satisfactory. I think the work
should he done while there is watet
in ’he gionnd so that there will lie no
isesslhllity of making a mistake- in the
grade. I like a fall of ar least two
inches to th>- 100 feet. More would
etf course, he le tter.
Iile- ditches 'huiiid tee straight.
Lines of tile shuulel be placed from
three to five rods apurt. according to
fall and kind of soil The three-inch
iile- is the common size feu short dis-
tance ditches, but a larger size should
b • used for outlet drains Tile drains
will not do much work in spring untit j
the frost is e>ut of the ground Of
course. if It Is very wet some'of the |
water may seep in. I am especially
Interested In tile draining, hut do not
pretend to know more than expert
e-need men. I elo know, heiwever. tha'
when | put in a tile drain it does the
work all tight I only wish 1 were
abb- to put in a lor'more.
POTATOMATOES
How the Tcmato May Be Grafted Up
on the Potato.
You leeeu’tly published an article on
grafting the tomato on the potato. Will
vein kindly describe the process? I
desire fe> try the experiment, writes
a correspondent of the- fount rv lien
tlemun. and that journal re-piles'
In grafting the tomato on 'he isita-
to. or the potato e>n tomato or in ma
king any other graft e>f similar herba-
«»ous plants, the simpler methods are
preferreel. The saeldle graft and the’
splice graft are the ernes most com-
monly use-el The splice graft is made
, by simply rutting the scions a smooth
slanting rut. The stoe-k is cut In the
'sqme way and the two members al-
lied togethe r with thetr fares joined
BEAN ANTHRACNOSE
AND ITS CONTROL
Clean Seed Obtained by P d Selection Should Be Aim of'
Grower—H. H. Whetzel. Plant Pathology.
Farmers Educational
—AND—
Co * Operative Union
Of America
The bean anthracnose is known
growers under a number of differe
names depending largely upon th * |
locality. Perhaps the most comnu . .
one applied to this malady is “rus
However, as a matter of fact the dis-
ease is not rust at all. though t: e
spols do have a reddish yellow eo .r
in their stages. There is a true rust j
of beans which is lately met with in !
ordinary fields. Pod-spot Is a name I
which is frequently applied to the dis-
ease, as it appears in the pods. Hllglu
is also commonly used, but Incorrei
so. as we have a true bacterial blizht j
of beans, which is not only very com- !
moti, but frequently quite destructive.
The general characters of these three
commonest diseases of beans are set j
forth in bulletin 239, and accompat 1
with figures. Whatever name may lie
locally given to the anthracnose, it is
still one and the same disease tl at
most bean growers have in mind. The
disease is readily recognized by the
appearance which it give* to the .
lected pods, and it Is here that the
trouble is usually first recognized, taut
Illustration shows the too familiar ;.,i-
pearanee of this stage of the disease.
The spots or rankers are black with
reddish or yellowish margins. Most
growers are also familiar with the
appearance of the disease on the seed
itself, especially on the white beans
Good Country to Live in.
The German emperor and I
Within the self-same year were born.
clear the discussion of the disease.
Study the picture carefully before
reading the following account '
"It is from the attack of the disease | jteneaih the self same sky.
on the i>ods that the most direct and i ppon the self same morn;
apparent damage to the crop results. A kaiser he of high estate.
During the lime of blossoming and j AB(J j ,he usua| cbano« 0f fate,
previous! the fungus has been spread-
ing and becoming established on the
stems and leaves, and it now attacks
the young succulent pods. With their
tender growing tissue full of water
and food materials, these pods offer
the best conditions for the growth and
development of the parasite. Spores
from the spols on the leaves aud
stems fall on the pods, where, in the
presence of moisture and the high
summer temperature, they germinate,
forming a little sprout or germ-tube,
which penetrates the tender skin of
the pod and. branching in the juicy
tissues, gives rise to an anthracnose
canker. These first appear as little
brown or rusty spots which enlarge
and darken until nearly or quite
black. The dead tissue dries and set-
tles. causing a little pit or sunken
place in the j>od. In the cemer ot the
spot the spores of the fungus are now-
produced in great abundance. They
ooze out and pile up. forming little
pink masses easily seen with the
naked eye. These masses of spores
are held together by a kind of glue or
where it makes rusty red spot* of! mucilage which, when dry, sticks
different sizes, sometimes involving I them tightly to the spot. When a drop
nearly the entire seed, though ordi- of rain or dew falls an the spot the
narilv only producing a slight discolor- mucilage is at once dissolved, and
His father was a prince, and mine—
Why just a farmer, that is all.
Stars still are stars, although some
shine.
And some roll hid in midnights
pa 11;
But argue, cavil all you can.
My sire was just as good a man.
The German emperor and I
Eat, drink, and sleep in the self-
same way;
For bread is bread, -uul pie is pie.
And kings can eat but thrice a day,
And sleep will only come to those
Whose mouths and stomachs are not !
foes.
I rise at six an i go to w ork.
And he at five and does the same. |
We both have cares we cannot shirk;
Mine are for loved on“s; his for
fame.
He may live but I cannot tell;
I'm sure I wish the Kaiser well.
Anrrirccnosf Canker
Anffirccitase Spares
rueft
I have a wife, and so has he;
And yet. If pictures do not err.
As far as human sight can see,
Mine is by long odds twice as fair.
Say, would I trade those eyes dark :
brown?
Not for an empress and her crown.
And so the Empress and I
On this one point could ne'er agree; j
Moreover, we will never try.
His frau suits him and mine suits ,
me.
And though his son one day may rule.
Mine stands Al in public school.
So let the Kaiser have his sway.
Bid kings and nations tumble down,
i I have my freedom and my say.
J- And fear no ruler and his crown;
j for I, unknown to fame or war.
Live where each man is emperor.
—Boston Globe.
Splice. Saddle.
Two Kinds of Graft.
In order to get th»- lies' results. It is
desirable to have the grafts made of
rather tender shoots, such as have
only partially hardened- In order to
get a proper union with this sort of
tissue, ft is necessary that the cut be
made with a very sharp knife, prefer-
ably with a razor. The two parts
are then rather tenderly joined togeth-
er using very soft rloth bandages or
moistened raffia. It is desirable fur-
thermore to cover the grafted plant
with a bell jar or hand glass of some
sort for a few days in order to prevent
too rapid evaporation. If It is left ex-
posed to the open air. especially If the
atmosphere is rather dry. the scion
dries out and wilts so badly that it
cannot recover. The saddle graft is
made by cutting the stock wedge-
shaped. while the,scion is cut with a
V-shaped slit so that it will fit down
over the wedge of (he slock. The rest
of the process is carried out exactly as
already described tor the splice graft
Seed Cook
Showing the relation of the anthracnose fungus to the tissues of the
bean. To the left above is a diagram of a section across a bean pod through
an anthracnose canker. The large drawing below is a much enlarged view
of a portion of this same section. It is largely diagrammatic. It shows how
the mycelial threads of the fungus* may penetrate the seed coat and enter
the starchy tissue of the seed, there to remain dormant until the following
season. On the left of the large drawing is shown a spore germinating
and penetrating the epidermis. This germ tube branches, spreads through
the tissues of the pod. and so gives rise to a new spot or canker. To the
right above is shown a magnified view of some of the spores of the an-
thracnose fungus. One has germinated. (Priginal.)
c JtdS&TwlV’GBs
THE THRESHING OUTFIT.
It Will Pay You to Take Good Care
of It During Idle Season.
It pays to take car<? of a threshing
• tiKtnc after the season is over. One
of the best things to do is to elean the
holler, then till It with cold water.
(Kinr In a quart of pood oil and get up
steam, then blow- It out. When it
gets cold clean the grates good and
all abound them, then take some axle
grease or thiek oil and grease the in-
side of the firebox all around.
Oil the flues with good oil and put
two or three shovelfuls of dry shav
lugs in the tlrelgix to take up the.
dampness I hate given such rare
to a boiler and engine that have been
16 years in the field and are good yet.
declares a writer in Farm and Home
They are rut ning a 36 Inch cylinder
machine, with a self feeder and a
swinging starker
Anthracnose Spots or Cankers on the Pods. The Fungus in These Cank-
ers Penetrates Through the Pod Into the Bean.
Look Out ter tne Na Is.
George A. Matthews, for 46 years a
miller, say* farmers should use more
caution when cleaning grain to use
fine screens that will remove all nails
and Iron. He has taken one-quarter
pound of nails by magnet from a grist
of 3<'0 pounds Nails or bits of Iron
not only endanger the grinder, but
may kill a cow If she eats them.
Co Operation.
With a gasoline traction engine land
can be plowed for about M) cents tier
acre. Not many of our readers hare
farm* big enough to v.arrant buying
one, but here Is a grand opportunity
: for co-operation Let several farmers
combine in the purchase of sucl an
, outfit
ation on one side. The disease enters
the seed by way of the pod, the fungus
tienetrnting from the outside into the
young anti tender seed. When the dis-
eased seeds are planted in the soli,
and first come through the ground
they are sure to show the small black
cankers on the cotyledons or seed
leaves and a little later on the stems.
Growers seldom recognize the disease
on the seedlings as that with which
they are familiar on the pods and
lieans Many of them have observed
the blackened stubs of badly diseased
seedlings, and have thought the In-
jury due to insects of some kind.
Whore badly diseased seed is plant-
ed the loss from diseased seedlings Is
at times quite heavy.
" The disease may and usually docs
occur on ail parts of the plant except
the roots. It is caused by a fungus
known to botanists as Oolleototrich-
nm lltidemtithianum which lives as a
parasite In the tissues of the bean.
This fungus Is a plant, as much a
plant as the bean on which It lives
It has a thread like mycelium that
grows tnto the tissue of the bean to
obtaio food for Its growth and devel-
opment and it produces spores that
serve the purpose of seeds by which
it spread* to healthy beans and so
reproduces itself. In fighting the an-
thracncse fungus, w,- are fighting a
parasitic weed. In its habits not great-
ly unlike the dodder whleh often de-
stroys alfalfa."
"The fungus Itself is too minute
to be seen by the unaided eye. This
makes an understanding of its nature
ard wavs of life rather difficult, but
the ptfi-ve of the parasite as shown
la ou tiluftration sill help to make
the spores are set free in the water
At this time any disturbance cf the
bean plants will scatter these spores
in the flying drops of water. In this
wav they reach healthy plants near
by. This explains why beans should
not be cultivated or handled In the
early morning while the dew is still
on them or directly after a shower.
The spores of the anthracnose fungus
are scattered only when they are wet.
This will also explain why a warm
rainy season is so favorable to the de-
velopment of the fungus The spores
require moisture in which to be dis-
tributed and In which to germinate.
A relatively high temperature is also
most favorable to the disease. The
spores are produced In limited num-
bers In the spots on the pod.
Considering the manner in which
the fungus finds its way Into the seed.
It seems evident that If no spots are
to be found on the i>ods. none of the
seed within will be diseased. That is
to say. healthy pods contain healthy
seed.
Several Investigators have reported
remarkable results from spraying with
Bordeaux mixture. After three sea
sons' observations in large bean fields
where the most up-to-date machinery
Is used, machinery particularly adapt-
ed for the bean crop, the writer Is
forced to the opinion that spraying
with Bordeaux mixture Is. to say the
very least, unprofitable
Strain Will Tsll.—The egg.producing
ability of a hen depend* on th« ability
that has been born In her. In some
fowls the reproductive organs have
'not been developed and these bird*
lay few or no egg*.
The Dumper Problem.
The dumper Is one who sells his
grain right from the field or his po-
tatoes right from the patch or any oth-1
er crop without regard to market con-1
ditions. The dumper therefore is a
problem. He may be compelled to sell
in order to pay his bills. He may not
have storage room. He may be in-
clined to believe that “ a bird in the
hand is worth two in a bush.”
Whatever may be the cause of sell-
ing, the fact that there are so many
who do sell upon a glutted market
makes it one of the most serious prob-
lems before the American farmer to-
day.
The dumper who sells on a glut-
ted market, or at a time when con-
sumers do not want it. not only suf-
fers loss of price hut ail others who
do hold are more or less affected by
his acts. The grain or prodee gam-
blers are always ready with cash to
buy up all they can get cheap. They
are flx*d to hold the stuff and sell on
a rising market. In most cases they
can make the rise in price. The one
who holds his grain gets the benefit
of this rise but he would get better
prices had there been no early glut of
market.
Take for example the egg trade.
Eggs used to sell for five cents a
dozen in summer and for 35 or 40
cents in winter. The refrigerator en-
abled the merchants to hold eggs for
a long time and that equalized the
price because they were distributed
through the season as was the demand.
Thus it Is when the farmer can hold
his grain, tobacco, or cotton and sell
along as the market tempts him to
sell. Instead of the middle-men get-
ting all the profits, the producers get
their share.
But the dumper will not ce-ase to
exist until the conditions that make
him a dumper cease to exist. There
has got to be some means of tiding
him over his great need of money.
There must be co-operative storehouses
and elevators where the poor man can
put his grain and stuff He cannot af-
ford to build them at home. There
must be a co-operative system of mon-
ey loans that will enable him to have
ready money and still hold his crops
in the co-operative warehouses. There
must be co-operation among the pro- 1
ducers just as there is among the mid- i
dle-men who gamble on his products
Whatever be the name of the organ-
ization that brings this about most
effectually for your needs, get in line
and all pull together to get the gam-
blers sh^re and some of the middle-
men's profit*.—Successful Farming.
Sell What the World Wants.
The cotton Journal wants farmers
to hold all surplus cottoo above the
worlds needs, and discussing this
proposition, says;
The production of the south's cot-
ton rop Is being variously estimated
at the present time from 11,500,000 to
............. bales. The leading authori-
ties mi msunvptlon estimate that the
world s need for American cotton dur-
ing the next twelve months will not
fall short of 12,500.000 balw. Admit-
ting for argument's sake that in the
supplies of raw cotton available for
spinning purpose* on the first day of
September there was carried over from
the past year 500,000 bales of Ameri-
can cotton, this would have to be ship-
ped from the present growing crop
12.000.000 bales. If the present crop
would ultimately show a production of
1.300.000 bales more than actually re-
■ qulred for consumption, then the only
way to prevent too low prices is for
farmers to hold over this surplus them-
selves. rather than throw it on the
market and depress the price of th*
entire crop. There are in round num-
bers about 1.500.000 head of plow stock
engaged in the south. It would not bo
a great hardship on the growers to
hold back one bale of cotton per plow
this winter and cut down the acreage
next spring two acres to the plow,
from which the 1.500,000 bales held
back from the crop of 1008 was pro-
! dueed. Let us do a little figuring And
see how it works out:
Twelve million bales at 11c, or $35
per bale, will amount to $660,000,000;
13.500.000 bales at 9c. or $45 per bale,
will amount to $607,500,000. This calcu-
lation shows a net loss of $52,000,0u0
and 1.500.000 bales of cotton thrown
in by marketing a surplus of the crop
at a price of 2c per pound less than
the actual needs of consumption will
show that it is much better to sell
eight hales for $445 than sacrifice
nine bales for $405. Each man
would not only get more from the few-
er bales sold, but would be in better
financial shape to hold the extra bale
per plow.
The best way to put this plan into
operation is to market only one-twelfth
of the year's production each month
and refuse to sell any more. This will
force the mills actively Into the mark-
et, prices will advance to good levels
and the average price demanded for
what is sold to the mills within the
next ten months will he secured. By
next March the exact production of
this year's crop will be positively
known, anil under the system of slow
selling each grower will know just
what part of his crop should be carried
■over, if any, and the acreage next
spring, correspondingly reduced.
Have You Thought?
Have you stopped to consider that it
will take ’he spindles of the world
twelve months to spin the cotton you
will gather within the next turee
months? Suppose the South produces
12.000. 000 bales then it should furnish
1.000. 000 hales per month. If you dump
yours on the market and your neigh-
bor and everybody else does the same
thing, you will throw 4.000.000 bales
on the market when only 1.000,000 are
needed. Have you ever taken a bask-
et of eggs or load of corn or potatoes
to your little local market and find
everybody supplied? If you have, you
have witnessed in a small way. just
what takes place on a larger scale In
the cotton markets of the world when
the South works early and late and
runs her gins night and day to crowd
her cotton on the world before it is
needed. Somebody must store. Insure
and finance this cotton until It is need-
ed. But this is not all. The men who
buy the cotton from the farmer, wheth-
er they are spinners of speculators
must take all the chances of bad mark-
ets. famines, wars, labor troubles, short
demand for cotton goods and large
supply of cotton and as they must carry
these risks they take them out of the
price. In other words, the producer
pays all these expenses and risks when
he dumps his cotton before It is need-
ed. and then pays the men who buy
it Interest on all of them and hts sal-
ary besides. Isn't it time, then, to stop
a minute and exercise your intellect?
These things are true and you know
it. Then why not act upon them and
do your part regardless of your neigh-
bor?
One of the chief advantages of the
warehouse certificate plan of financ-
ing cotton is that It will net depend
upon universal adoption for Us suc-
cess. Of course, the more general It
would be the more readily would the
certificate be accei ed by tho busi-
ness world. Let one county adopt It
and tbe business interests of the ad-
joining counties will be compelled to
do so, too. In order to secure their
part of the trade. In this manner It
should spread from county to county
until the entire South is covered by
the system. However, if It should not
be adopted in one section or county,
that would not necessarily prevent
its successful operation in another,
for tbe security behind the certificate
Is the very best there Is.
Cut out. entirely, political speeches ;
at the Union picnics. Politicians can't
talk without hurting some one* feel-
ings and then they go away mail and
talking politics instead of unionism
Union picnics are held to draw a crowd
and most of the time the paper* never
say a word about the Union speech, i
"There is time for all things." So Keep
your union work separate from any
ether work—Union Advocate (Okla. i
Many a man who thought he was
wiss at 20. ow n* up to being a fool at j
40.
Most any farmer can take an old
forty-doliar mule, shave up hit tail and
mane with his wife’s scissors and by
feeding him a little oats and soda and
boosting him a little with his elo-
quence i an make him bring $75. But
brains count for nothing in selling
cotton as long as speculators rule.
The most intelligent and ambitious
farmer must sell cotton as cheap as
the mo*t vicious and ignorant negroes
or Mexicans.
Blood will tell and so will th* feed
trough.
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Woodruff, D. B. The Sonora Sun. (Sonora, Tex.), Vol. 6, No. 18, Ed. 1 Saturday, November 14, 1908, newspaper, November 14, 1908; Sonora, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth979187/m1/2/: accessed July 16, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu.; .