The Sonora Sun. (Sonora, Tex.), Vol. 6, No. 17, Ed. 1 Saturday, November 7, 1908 Page: 3 of 8
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HORTICULTURE
PLAN FOR ROSE GARDEN.
A Suggestion for the Women Folks
for Next Season.
The simple design shown In our il-
lustration is the suggested plan for
a rose garden 00 feet square. It con-
tains one large oval bed in the center,
four beds of triangular outline, and
one long, narrow border at the rear of
the plot. The large oval in the center
should be devoted to Hybrid Remon-
tant, or June roses, and of these the
following varieties are all excellent:
Anna de Diesbach, dark pink; Frau
Karl Druschkl, one of the very finest
whites; Gen. Jacqueminot, well known
to almost everyone; Magna Charta,
Mrs. John Laing, both good pinks;
Raul Neyron, one of the largest roses;
1'lrlch ltrunner and Fisher Holmes,
light and dark reds. This list may be
greatly increased as desired. In the
triangular beds it would be well to
FALL CULTIVATION OF ORCHARD.
Care Mutt Be Taken Lett It Prove In-
jurioue to Treet.
Fall cultivation of orchards Is some-
times injurious and sometimes not.
The effects depend on several condi-
tions. Fall cultivation in orchards has
been objected to, because it ia re-
puted to start a fall growth of wood
that does not have time to harden be-
fore the time of the Huai stoppage of
growth. That leaves a lot of soft
wood to go into winter in a shape un-
fitted to stand the cold.
t.I is only the cultivation of early
fall that injures trees in this way,
says Farmers’ Review. After the
leaves get old and get ready to fall,
cultivation cannot start a new growth.
This effect can only take place if the
cultivation is early enough to furnish
an abundant food supply at the time
the leaves are very active in elaborat-
ing food for the development of wood.
We do not believe that fall cultiva-
tion is desirable in most of our north-
ern latitudes, even when the cultiva-
tion is given so late that it cannot
possibly start a new growth of wood.
The cultivation stirs ujr the soil and
permits the frost to go deeper than
it otherwise would. If the winter
chance to be a cold one, with little
snow, frost will strike so deep that
the roots will be frozen, and this may
result in the destruction of the trees.
The harder and firmer the ground,
the less is the depth that the frost will
be able to penetrate.
filant largely of the Hybrid Tea class,
and also those known as ever-bloom-
ing roses. Of the Hybrid Teas the
following are all fine: Kfllarney,
Captain Christy, Caroline Testout,
Grus and Teplitz, Kaiserln Augusta
Victoria, La France and Souvenir du
President Carnot. The everbloomlng
roses include a large number of vari-
etl.j, from which it is difficult to se-
lect a brief list, but the following are
good: Etolle de Lyon, Marie Van
Houtte, Maman Cochet, Franz Deegen,
l’apa Gontier, Hermosa Clothllde
Soupert and Souvenir de la Maltnai-
son. At the back of the long bed,
suggests the Rural New Yorker, at the
rear of the garden, a wire trellis
could be placed, and on this some
roses of the Rambler type could be
trained, some of the best of this
type being Philadelphia Rambler,
Ruby Queen. Dorothy Perkins and
laidy Gay. In front of (he Ramblers
the Hybrid China rose, Madame Plan-
tier, and also some of the lovely Moss
roses could find a place. 'Phis list
could be extended almost indefinitely,
but all varieties do not grow- with tho
same freedom, and the few mentioned
may be considered among the stand-
ard sorts. Tho number of plants to
he used in such a garden would be
from 600 to 750, according to the di-
mensions of the beds and the close-
ness with which they were planted. If
the surroundings permit it. the fences
or boundaries of the rose garden could
be covered with the various Rambler
roses, and the long bed used for
other varieties.
THE ORCHARD.
Orchardists should pay more atten-
tion to their blackcap raspberry crops.
ThiB berry Is growing very scarce of
late, probably from neglect. Such a
plantation will steadily increase in
value.
livery apple grower should be pre-
pared for extensive spraying in 1909.
1 turn all trash around the orchard.
The scab has been unusually preva-
lent throughout the country and the
spores and seeds will have to be burn-
ed in 1909.
The apple growers of Oregon and
Washington often ship their products
several thousand miles and apparently
make good profits. In view- of this fact
it is astonishing why the average west-
ern farmer cannot make his orchard
pay. Perhaps it is the thought and
care put into each package of fruit
that tells the tale.
It is generally the case where
onions have been left to go to seed the
seeds will soon sprout up freely on
that ground. Very often they come up
in a manner and so thick that they are
a weed pest and may be killed by Stir-
ling the ground with cultivator, wheel
hoe or common hand hoe. When
onions thus come from seed in the
field they are generally worse directly
over the old rows and are a serious
menace to the production of the best
onions especially when the Welsh
onions are the crop.
SAVING ORCHARDS FROM SCALE.
Old Orchards Can Be Preserved from
Attack of Pest.
Investigations carried on at Ihe New
York experiment station at Geneva
convince the authorities that old or-
chards can be preserved from at-
tacks of the San Jose scale, in bul-
letin 290 the Investigators assert:
Of the various sprays that have
been tested, the sulphur wash and the
home-made oil emulsions have, on tho
basis of efficiency, economy and safety
to the trees, proven the most satisfac-
tory remedies. Of the two, the oil
emulsions have generally been some-
what more elfleient than the sulphur
wash in the treatment of old apple
trees, and excellent results have been
obtained with a light treatment of
the emulsion on trees previously
sprayed with the Ume-sulphur wash, to
reach the scales or the young wood.
Either of these sprays singly or the
emulsion supplementing an applica-
tion of the sulphur wash, If thoroughly
applied, can be depended on to control
the scale.
A HANDY FRUIT LADDER.
Made by Splitting a Basswood Pols
and Putting in Rungs.
Here is a fruit ladder that Is more
convenient than the ordinary style.
A round stick of
basswood about 20
feet long is sawed
in two to within
one foot, of the
small end. where
an iron ring, a, is
welded on to pre-
vent splitting. Holes
are bored and the
rungs put In, spread-
ing the pole apart. They may be in-
serted on the side and nailed solid.
Leave a foot of the small end of pole
not sawed, explains Farm and Home,
and thus the ladder may he put in any
position in a tree without the top end
becoming entangled In the limbs
and twigs.
BORDEAUX MIXTURE A8 A DUST.
Has Not Given as Good Results at
the Liquid Spray.
The application of Bordeaux mix-
ture lu the form of dust or powder in
an experiment conducted at the Ken-
tucky experiment station by H. Gar-
man has not proven itself particular-
ly useful. in bulletin Lilt Mr. Gar-
man says: "Bordeaux dtiHt has been
recommended, and several manufac-
tured powders have been offered for
sale. Tested side by side with liquid
Bordeaux mixture, they have failed to
give as good results, and in some
hands have failed absolutely, the re-
sults recorded showing that the bene-
fit obtained was not sufficient to jus
tify the expense for materials and
labor. The cost for the two Is nearly
the same—about two cents per tree
Her a single application—some work-
ers claiming a slight advantage in
cost In favor of the liquid spray. In
Oregon recently a large number of
trees dusted for scab gave only 1.1 per
cent, clean-skinned fruit, while trees
sprayed with liquid Bordeaux gave R9
per cent. ITnsprayed trees gave six
per cent.”
Stock for Young Orchard.
George R. Murray of Holt county,
Mo., believes well selected stock is of
the utmost importance in setting out
an apple orchard. He saya: "If I were
now contemplating setting out an ap-
ple orchard. I would either grow my
own treea from auch actons as l would
cut from certain treea—(which I
would mark, during the growing sea
son. for their individual iperita. on the
scorea of vigor and fecundity); or I
would contract with aome good, relia-
ble nuraeryman to grow the treea for
me, under my direction, from auch
scions as I would furnlah, and selected
hh above stated. I would plant auch
treea, at a coat of 1150 or even 9100
per thousand, in preference to the beat
grade grown In the regular way, even
though *he» were offered td me aa a
gift”
Pruning Trees.
The right time to commence the
pruning of a tree and the making of
an orchard la when it ia young. When
tho trees are young the discreet or-
chardtst can train thrm Into almoat any
shape he dealres. He must keen his
Ideal ever In his mind and work
toward that end. There are many
horticulturist a who claim that the
young tree, with many atrong limbs Is
the better tree when placed alongside
of a forked sapling with only about
two main stems. The apples should
have a central stem and should be
pruned to aa to keep the tree open at
all times. There are on the other hand
many growers who aim to destroy the
central stem effect, leaving the top en-
tirely open. Either form of tree ia all
rlglft. but the average orchardlat la
often a hobbyist and works towards
what he thinks to be the beat, despite
coelome or recommendations
SUGGESTIONS FOR
PIGGERY FOR FARM
By a Canadian Expert.
The |ilan herewith Illustrates a good
Idea for a hog building about 50x10
feet. It la not given as being Ideal,
since no plan could possibly he the
best for every feeder. It Includes
several Ideas which could he Incorpor-
ated into almost any plan of a pig-
gery.
A frequently neglected feature in
building^ piggeries is the providing
of convenient passages for cleaning.
pens when at right angles to the pas-
sage and serve to confine pigs In the
bed space when parallel to the pas-
sage.
When I). D. 1). are all parallel to
the passage, a truck or barrow may lie
run along FL. and the pens easily
cleaned. Tr. Tr. Tr. are troughs made
of cement or good hard wood. Dr. Dr.
Dr. are doors opening into the yards.
K. K. K. are posts ugainst which D. Dl
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Plan of Piggery.
bedding nml moving pigs from pen to
pen. A study of this floor plan will
show that this Important feature is
not. neglected.
The building may, of course, be of
any length to accommodate from 20
to 100 pigs or more. Two rows of
pens flank the passage, one on either
side. Doors, two feet wide, open off
the passage into each pen. The feed-
ing is done from the passage. The
pens are 10 feet front and 12 feet
deep, being large enough for four to
eight animals, according to sUte. f*ln
the plan FL. FL. FL. are feeding
floors 0x10. L. L. L. are lo^v partitions
separating the *^ds from feeding
floors. I). D. D„ large (swinging doors
or rather partitions. 0 feet long and 4
feet high, serve as partitions between
D. close. F. F. arc. farrowing pens
properly fitted with a board about 8
Inches wide placed Hat horizontally
about 8 inches from the floor along
the wall to which it should be firmly
attached. In the feed room C. Is the
feed cooker, B. B. It. are bins for feed.
P. root pulper; T. trap door to root
collar; P. P. P. are doors from pens
to passage. The yards extend out
on either side. The manner of ar-
ranging the pens on one side of the
pippsage shows how the other side may
be laid out. At the end are large,
roomy, winter quarters for sows. It is
a great mistake to house sows in the
small ordinary pen.
Si\ws need roomy quarters and this
build!))# "fovides that.—Hoard's Dairy-
man. ■*'*.»
SCIENTIFIC FEEDING
OF SWINE
Feeding hogs Is a subject in which
every farmer and breeder is or should
be deeply interested. It is of univer-
sal importance; and 1 only wish 1
could go Into It deeply and in a
way that would Interest you men
here.
Starting with the new-born pig. It
requires practice and skill to feed the
mother so that she will bring her litter
out without scouring them. When this
Is done the first groat danger is over.
To do this she should be fed lightly
and systematically. The same ’man
should feed and care for her that fed
her previous to farrowing. He should
have his work well planned, and good
judgment should direct his move-
ments. Many writers advocate the
use of u strictly milk-producing ra-
tion, but. experience has shown that
tills is wrong. The flow of milk at
this time Is naturally greater than the
pigs will take in the majority of cases.
For this reason a light feed of corn
and oats is better for the sow and pigs
both. In the course of a week the
ration should be gradually changed to
a slop of shorts, ant', this increased
until the ration consists of one-half of
such feeds.
At the age of three weeks the pigs
will commence eating and they should
be encouraged by the use of a creep.
The feed should consist of a slop of
some good mill feeds. From the time
the pigs commence eating the expense j
of feeding gradually Increases, and |
with It the value of the pig Increases!
If he is doing well and Is properly fed. I
It Is not my purpose to propound I
the balanced ration, fact or theory. I
However, the purpose or filial end
of the feeding operation is to
produce a hog with strong bony
framework and a development of mus. j
cle of such an extent that all the vital
organs such as the lungs, heart, di-
gestive and reproduclve organs will
be as terfecl as possible when the hug i
is mi-: i.red. To do this.the scientific,;
or. as 1 would rather cull It, the ays-
tema’ie way of feeding must come Into I
operation. Feeds high in protein and
ash must be used or the development
will not be so complete as It otherwise
would. Any of the following feeds
may .be used: Wheat, wheat sorts,
middlings, oil meal, oat shorts, pack-
ing house by-products, alfalfa and
clover pastures. The ration should
consist for the most part of one or
a combination of these feeds. Every
man has an Idea of what e&mblnatiou
he thinks best.
The feeding oif correctives, tonics,
j and worm powders is at present ud-
j vocated by a great many men, and it
is all right, but these are found on all
farms, with the exception of the
worm exterminator, In the form of
corn cob charcoal and grass. As a
worm exterminator I have found five
grains of santonin and three grains
of calomel to each 80 pounds of hog
to he the cheapest and most ef-
fective, However, considerable care
J is needed to feed Bitch a powder, as
only ten head should he treated at a
time and the powder thoroughly mixed
through the slop.
No feeder, be he ever so careful and
patient, can be successful in his oper-
ations if the conditions surrounding
his hogs are not sanitary and clean.
Slacked lime and coal tar dip and
crude oil should he used freely, but
not extravagantly, by every hog man.
Lime and dip are good disinfectants,
and will keep down disease, while the
crude oil Is the cheapest and most ef-
fective louse ki.ler I have ever tried.
J. II. ASHBY, Iowa
The Only Wsy.—The only way to
feel sure that your ducks will come
hack at night when given the liberty
of a running steam of water is to
fence off the water and keep them Is
side of the fence.
Good Care Pays.—It will pay the
farmer to give his hens a little extra
attention at this season of the year
It is not profitable to let them shift
for themselves when changing plu-
mage.
Hay and Grata.—Hay sustains a
working horse better, hut a little grass
now and then Is an excellent regulator
The acf oupai.y.ng Ilium ration cf a
poultry house is largely self-explana-
tory. Hut it a w indow and curtain
front ia provided. The window slides
back and In place of It a cotton screen
caa be lat dewa lo fill tho opening
The pens sre built 12x13 feet, and the
coop is placed beneath the propping
board. Rough boards are used for
sheeting together with tar paper and
cheap shingles. The Inalde may be
plaster*!.
SOVTHERN
! AGRICULTURE i:
♦♦♦♦+♦♦♦♦+♦+++♦♦+
COWPEA A VALUABLE CROP;
ALSO A SOIL IMPROVER.
Makes a Hay Equal in Feeding Value
to Red Clover Hay—By A. E.
Grantham, Agronomist, Mis-
souri Agricultural College.
Thp eowpea (Vlgna catjang) be-
longs to the goueral family of
leguminous plants and is closely re-
lated to the lima bean of the garden.
Contrary to Its name the eowpea is,
in lls botanical relations, of nearer
kin to the bean than to the pea. In
appearance tho eowpea plant resem-
bles the bean and like it Is an annual
very sensitive to frost. The plant
varies In habits of growth from an up-
right, bush-like form, a toot or more
in height with tendrils a few inches
in length, to a mass of low, trailing
vines many feet long. The form of
the eowpea plant varies not only with
the variety hut also with the length
of season, soil, moisture, and cultural
conditions.
When properly cured cowpoas make
an excellent hay. Few farmers realise
that eowpea hay has a feeding value
nearly equal to alfalfa uiul fully equal
to tbe best of red clover hay. It Is
equally as profitable a feed as alfalfa,
and when fed to dairy cows or grow-
ing animals will produce as good re-
sults. Work animals ran be main
tnined on eowpea hay with the addi-
tion of but very little grain. The chief
value of eowpea hay lies in Its large
percent of digestible protein as Is
shown by analysis and which has been
ly facilitated by the UBe of varieties
upright lu grot It and of uniform matur-
ing habit. The ordinary mowing ma-
chine will readily rut and Have the
entire plant if of upright growth, and
for the reason that vines of this
character do not lie so closely to-
gether Is of advantage In curing.
Cowpeas sliould he cut when the pods
are full grown nud when a consider-
able number of them have turned yel-
low. At this stage none of the leaves
have dropped and the plant has prac-
tically attained Its growth. Begin
cutting In the morning as soon as the
dew is off, If indications are favorable
for a number of fair days. Leave lit
the swath until the exposed portion
la well cured, but not dry enough to
crumble and break. The vines should
then be teddered, or, If a tedder is
not available rake Into small wind-
rows. Always be careful to use the
tedder early In the morning when the
dry leuves are “incase" so as to avoid
breaking them off by the teddurlng
process. When the upper side Is well-
dried the windrows should he turned
over. Where the hay is heavy a ted-
der should immediately follow the
mower. This practice Insures uniform
drying and if the vines are handled
before the leaves are dry enough to
break no loss will occur.
As much forage can be produced
from cowpeas in 80 dayH us red clover
will yield In 15 months.
The feeding value of eowpea hay
is fully equal that of the best red
clover and is almost equal to alfalfa
Cowpeas make an excellent pasture,
especially valuable us a supplement-
ary feed for growing anlmuls, particu-
larly hogs.
The quick maturing habit of the
eowpea renders it admirably for sow-
ing as a catch crop between the reg
ular crops of the rotation. In south-
ern sections, cowpeas may follow
wheat or oats and produce u crop for
hay or pasture before time for fall
seeding.
Cow-yes It *)W With Vnlul'n,
verified by numerous feeding tests.
The glowing of cowpeas has a
marked Influence on tho productive
capacity of the soil. The beneficial
effect Is due to the Inpreased amount
of available plant, food in the soil and
to Its improved physlcinl rendition.
The growing of eowpeas may be
said to increase the productive capac-
ity of the soil; 1st, By increasing
the supply of nitrogen; 2nd, By mak-
ing available the mineral compounds
of phosphoric ncld and potash; 3rd,
By Improving the physlclal condition
of the soil.
The seed bed for cowpeas should
receive as thorough preparation as for
corn. To Insure prompt and uniform
germination It Is necessary to provide
a warm, moist, mellow soil. When
peas are planted late In season as a
eateh crop after wheat and oats It Is
essential to break the land again. This
must be done to get the soil in prop-
er condition for prompt germination
and to retain the moisture.
The method of planting peas will
depend upon whether they are to be
cultivated or not. Where cultivation
Is Intended they may he planted In
rows varying In width from 20 to 44
Inches. A common practice among
farmers, and a method we have used
successfully at the Station, Is to seed
with an ordinary corn-planter with
drill attachment straddling each alter-
nate row und thus making the rows
22 Inches apart. The field is drilled
as for corn placing the peas 6 to 10
inches apart In the row at a depth of
about two Inches or a depth sufficient
to Insure plenty of moisture. This
method of planting requires about 6
to R quarts of peas per acre, so that a
bushel planted In this manner will
sow as much as four or five bushels
broad-cast. However, tho saving In
cost of seed is about equalled by the
rest of the subsequent cultivation.
Where a corn planter Is not accessible
an ordinary two-horse wheat drill may
be UBed by plugging up all the holes
except each third one.
The methods employed In the har-
vesting and turlng of eowpea hay are
not unlike those practised with red
clover »nd alfalfa. * The readiness
with which eowpea hay is cured de-
pends largely upon the maturity of
the vine and upon Its habit of growth,
noth harvesting and curing are great-
Where clover Is not adapted or fre-
quently fails oowpeuH may bo substi-
tuted, and may be used to Improve
soli conditions so that clover will
eateh.
The growing of cowpeas Increases
the productive capacity of the soli by
storing ami making available plant
food.
An Improvement In the physical
condition of the soil Is always noted
where cowpeas have grown. The HOll
becomes more open, friable, inoro
easily worked, holds moisture better
and dries out earlier In the spring.
Because of their nitrogen content,
heavy growth and rapid maturity,
eowpeas are especially Well adapted
for green manuring.
Varieties of cowpeaR differ widely
In their habits of growth. These vary
from an upright, bush-like form to low
trailing vines many feet In length.
Some mature In 60 days, other require
120 days or more.
The variety to be selected for plant-
ing depends upon the purpose for
which crop Is grown and upon the
length or the growing season.
The Whippoorwill variety Is recom-
mended for the general grower, The
New Era Is the best suited for a catch
crop or for a short growing season.
Cowpeas respond generously lo
thorough soli preparation. The seed
bed should be given as good treat-
ment as that of corn.
Whpn peas are not to be cultivated
four or five pecks of seed per acre
will be required; If to be cultivated,
five to eight quarts.
Cultivated peas require less seed,
more lubor and yield Is usually but
little heavier than when not culti-
vated.
When peas are intended for the
main crop, planting should begin not
earlier than two weeks after the usual
time for corn planting. For a catch
crop sow at the earliest date possible
after wheat or oats have been cut.
The vines should be cut for hay
when the first pods turn yellow, and
before the leaves begin to fall.
Cowpeas yield from one to four tons
of hay per acre and from eight to
twenty-five bushels of seed.
The average crop of cowpeas has a
value not exceeded by that of any
other crop In the state, equally well
adapted and distributed.
Two Illinois men will build an Iron
and glass house 200 feet long and 60
feet wide to raise cucumbers for the
winter market. This fruit last year
b.'ought from 91.50 to 32 P«r dozen.
One hundred and thirty-nine cows,
comprising the best of thirty six Illin-
ois herds, produced an average of
301 pounds of butter fat last year.
Oatmeal and linseed boiled Into a
thin gruel Is line for lambs They
do not need much water with this
gruel *f fed twice a day
The price of corn has been soaring
away so high lately that It becomes
a problem with many how to obtain
chicken feed at a reasonable price.
About the cheapest grain that can now
be found ia Kaffir-corn, and chickens
like it and thrive upon it A cheap
feed can also be procured by cutting
up new alfalfa and mixing with It a
little corn-meal.
Tho government spent 910.000 this
last spring planning ways to destroy
tbe green bug In Kansas, Oklahoma
and Texas.
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Woodruff, D. B. The Sonora Sun. (Sonora, Tex.), Vol. 6, No. 17, Ed. 1 Saturday, November 7, 1908, newspaper, November 7, 1908; Sonora, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth979587/m1/3/?rotate=90: accessed July 16, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu.; .