Temple Daily Telegram (Temple, Tex.), Vol. 14, No. 335, Ed. 1 Thursday, October 27, 1921 Page: 1 of 8
This newspaper is part of the collection entitled: Texas Digital Newspaper Program and was provided to The Portal to Texas History by the Abilene Library Consortium.
- Highlighting
- Highlighting On/Off
- Color:
- Adjust Image
- Rotate Left
- Rotate Right
- Brightness, Contrast, etc. (Experimental)
- Cropping Tool
- Download Sizes
- Preview all sizes/dimensions or...
- Download Thumbnail
- Download Small
- Download Medium
- Download Large
- High Resolution Files
- IIIF Image JSON
- IIIF Image URL
- Accessibility
- View Extracted Text
Extracted Text
The following text was automatically extracted from the image on this page using optical character recognition software:
*
<
i
*
%
8 PAGES
TODAY
TEMPLE DAILY TELEGRAM
MEMBER ASSOCIATED PRESS-MEMBER AUDIT BUREAU OF CIRCULATIONS
ONLY 1 EDITION
1)A1LY—2:30 A. M. 1
.VOL. XIV. NO. 335.
TEMPLE, TEXAS. THURSDAY MORNING, OCTOBER 27, 1921.
PRICE FIVE CENTS
President enunciates fijnda-
MENTALS OF RACIAL PHOB-
LEWS TODAY.
WES MUST CO-miTE
Amalgamation Is Not Desirable to
Eitlicr I luce But u Partnership for
Brooder Advantages In Education,
Economic and Political Way Must
lie Fostered—"There is Diffcreuce."
(Associated Press Dispatch.)
BIHMINGHAM, Ala., Oct. 26.—
The right of the American negro
to broader political, economic
and educational advantages, based on
a pride of race, but never on an as-
piration for social equality, was cham-
pioned by President Harding here to-
day in a plainly worded enunciation of
his views on the whole American race
problem.
These nro some of the principles on
whl<;h the president appealed to the
ration to "lay aside old prejudices and
old antagonisms" and give support to
a constructive policy of racial rela-
tionship:
"Politically and economically, there
need be no occasion for great and per-
manent differentiation, provided on
both sides there shall be recognition
of the absolute divergence in things
•oclal and racial.
"I would*say, let the black man vote
when he is fit to vote; prohibit the
whit# man voting when he is unfit to
vote.
Wants Old Traditions Smaslasd.
"I wish that both the tradition of a
solidly democratic south and the tra-
dition of a solidly republican black
race might be broken up.
"I would insist upon equal educa-
tional opportunities for both.
"Men of both races may well stand
uncompromisingly against every sug-
gestion of social equality. This is not.
a question of social equality, but a
question of recognizing a fundamcnt-
al, eternal, inescapable differenco.
"Racial amalgamation there cannot
be. Partnership of the races in devel-
oping the highest aims of all human-
ity there must be if humanity is to
achieve the ends which were set for it.
Negro Most Keep HU Pace.
"The black man should seek to be
ard he should bo encouraged to bo the
best possible black man and not the
best possible imitation of a white
roan."
The president's address, which
brought him from Washington on his
first extended trip into the south since
inauguration, was delivered at a semi-
centennial celebration of the founding
of the city of Biriyinsham. It wis de-
voted almost exclusively to the race
question, although Mr. Harding also
took occasion to praise the south for
its Industrial recovery and to renew
his faith In the world leadership of a
re united nation.
Text of Address.
He said in part:
' Tlte world war brought us to full
recognition that the race problem is
national rather than merely sectional.
"There are no authentic statistics,
but it is common knowledge that the
world war was marked by a great mi-
gration of colored people to the north
and west. They were attracted by the
demand for labor and tho higher
wages offered. It has brought the
question of race closer to north and
•vest and. I believe, it has served to
Slodify somewhat the views of those
feet ions on this question. It has made
th» South realize its industrial depend-
ence on th" labor of tho black'man
and made the North realize the diffi-
culties of the community in which two
greatly differing races aro brought to
live side by side. I should say that it
lias been responsible for a larger
charity on both sides, a beginning of
better understanding; and In tho light
of that better understanding, perhaps
we shall be able to consider this prob-
lem together as a problem of all sec-
tions and of both races, in whose so-
lution the best Intelligence of both
must be enlisted.
"Indeed, we will be wise to recog-
nize it as wider yet.
Must Face the Facts.
"Whoever will take the time to read
nnd ponder Mr. Lothrop Stoddard's
book on the rising tide of color, or
study the thoughtful review of some
recent literature on this question
which F. D. Lugard presented in x
recent Kdinburg review must realize
that our race problem here In the
United States is only a phase of a race
issue" that the whole world confronts.
Surely we shall gain nothing by blink-
ing the facts, by refusing to give
thought to them. That Is not the
American way of approaching such Is-
sue*
"Mr. Lugard in his recent essay
^er surveying the world's problem of
races concludes thus:
" 'Here, then, Is the true coticep
tlon of tho Inter-relation of color-
complete uniformity In Ideals, ab'-o
lute equality In the paths of know
ledge nnd culture, equal opi iriunlt>
for those who strive, equal idmlration
for those who achieve; In n itters so
(Coutlauni on fuse Xwa.'
LEGISLATION TO HALT CIRCULA-
TION OF UNAMF.RICAN PRO-
PAGANDA TO BE SOUGHT.
Americanism Commission Gives Out
Report on Suggestions to Be Miwlc.
Not to Favor Limiting Freedom of
Proa*—Must Stamp Out Anarchists.
For Flags at Every School in U. S.
(Associated Press Dispatch.)
Kansas City, Kan., Oct. 20.—More
drastic legislation governing the trans-
mission of anarchistic and radical
literature through thp mails was rec-
ommended by tho Americanism com-
mission of the American Legion here
tpday through the report of the com-
mission's director, Alvin M. Owsley of
Denton, Texas. The commission,
which opened Its annual meeting this
morning after hearing the director's
report, began consideration of a large
number of recommendations to be
submitted to the national convention
of the Legion here next week.
The director's report recommends
the passage of a law which would
prohibit the sending through the malls
of any printed, written, photographic
or pictorial matter which has an un-
American tendency and also an in-
surance clause prohibiting the sale of
such matter.
Members of the commission, said
however, that nothing In the recom-
mendations should be construed as
aimed at the freedom of speech or the
freedom of the press.
Radicals Too Active.
"There Is too great a looseness now
In the carriage through the mails of
radical, anarchistic and otherwise un-
American publications," said Director
Owsley, formerly assistant attorney
general of Texas.
"The present laws are not stringent
enough. They do not prohibit the dis-
semination of un-American propa-
ganda."
The commissioners disousscd the
cases of Kugene V. Debs, now lerv-
lng a prison term In the Federal peni-
tentiary at Atlanta aft -r having been
convicted ofviolatlng the wartime
laws, and Orover Cleveland Bergdoll,
American draft evad« r, now in Eu-
rope.
Reference to Debs Case.
Concerning the Debs case l.ltidsey
Blayney, Texas, said:
"Debs violated certain statutes of
the United States. He was found
guilty and'sentenced to serve a term
In the Federal penitent! iry and the
American Legion purposes to see that
he pays the penalty meted out to him
by constituted courts. The American
Legion stands for upholding law and
preserving order and this It Is deter-
mined to do in this and all cases."
Director Owsley's report said that
progress has been made during the
last year in their campaign tir l^ore
pronounced Americanism and it was
stated that In a number of states leg-
islation had been passed requiring
that the English language be the only
medium of Instruction In the school;
that all schools shall offer courses ,n
United States history and eivn gov-
ernment; and that collego^jind uni-
versities shall give crcd t In their en-
trance examinations for those sub-
jects.
Patriotism In School.
"The suggestion that # certain part
of each day In the week of school ses-
sions should be dovo'-'d to patriotic
exercises or the holding of a 'morale
hour' has met with hearty response
and the Stars and Stripes are flying
from the flagstaffs of more American
school houses than ever before in
American history," said the report.
"It is the purpose of the American-
ism commission to see that the Amer-
ican flag files every school day,
weather permitting, from every school
house In the land."
In Its efforts to assist In ihe Im-
migration problem and tho director's
report said the commission has visited
many immigration stations.
American Consul
In Salina Curz Set
Upon and Stabbed
(Associated Press Dispatch.)
Washington, Oct. 26.—Lloyd Burl-
ingham, American consul at Salina
Cruz, Mexico, was assaulted and
stabbed by unidert\lfied assailants in
the consulate last Monday night, ac-
cording to advices today to the state
department. The consul's Injuries
the advices said, were not believed to
he of a serious nature, consisting only
of two wounds in the left arm.
The Mexican minister of foreign af
fairs, Albert Panl, the dispatches said
had tersonrtlly expressed deep regie'
at the Incident and promised that all
possible measures would be taken bt
his government at once.to bring abou
he apprehension nnd punbhment o
lih« consul's assailants
BRITISH. UNEMPLOYMENT SITUATION CONTINUES ACUTE
I
T
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES UP
IN AIll AS TO THE METHOD
OF PROCEDl RE.
IMantou Tries to Get Chance to In -
tend Himself Rut Finds He Ls Bar-
red by Rules Until Today—Senator
Mondell Says He Will I'ush Charges
And Claims He Can Line Up Votes.
FIIHL EFFORT II
T
I NIOV HEADS TO HOLD SPECIAL
SESSION IN CHICAGO TO-
DAY AT 9 A. II. j
General ( onfereiice With Labor Board
Y"«terday Ended Abruptly Wl.cn
Colon Chiefs Ask Permission fop
Special Meeting—Hoard to Make
Proposal*—Cause of Strike OutlineJ,
Above tho police aro shown .scattering a mob of uncuiploye I workmen in tho west end of London during a recent
demonstration.
England's industrial situation Is much more critical th in America's. The unemployed in London and oilier cen-
ters arc daily staging demonstrations whlch-Jiave finally c used officials to forbid gatherings or parades in front of
Lloyd George's re|jdcnce in Downing street and other points.
PRESIDENT TELLS OF HIS WARM
FRIENDSHIP WITH SENATOR
UNDERWOOD.
(Associated Press Dispntch.)
Birmingham, Ala., Oct. 26.—Senator
Oscar UndeVwood of Alabama, floor
leader of the democratic party in the
senate and a member of the American
delegation to the armament confer-
ence, was eulogized by President
Harding today in a luncheon address
hero.
"I entered tha senate when you
commissioned Senator Underwood to
that body," said the president, "and
somehow, I never knew Just why, we
began with a 'paired' agreement to
protect each other's votes. That ar-
rangement held until I retired from
the senate and we rarely, if ever, ha1'
to ask each other for instructions.
There was a confident, respectful and
cordial friendship from the beginning
and it was never embarrassed. Per-
haps I need net tell you that my high
opinion and affectionate regard still
abide. Not so very long agp it be-
came my duty to choose four out-
standing Americans to represent our
republic in a conference with the
statesmen of the leading nations oi
the world. It was not a personal re-
gard alone, but that feeling combined
with a high estimate of his statesman-
ship and his lofty devotion to country
Impelled me to name him as one of
the four to speak for America in V
conference pregnant with Incalculable
possibilities. 1 know, as you know, he
will serve us well, honoring himself,
his friends and neighbors, and th<
land for which lie speaks."
Mr. Harding also paid a tribute to
the late Senator Bankhead of thb
; tate and praised the south's contribu-
tion to the present task of national
restoration.
Repeal of Excels
Profits Taxes Now
Assured for 1922
Telegraphers on
Texas and Pacific
Vote for Walkout
(Temple Telegram Special.)
Weatliorford, Tex., Oct., 26.—'The
general committee Order of Railroad
Telegraphers for the Texas & Pacific
system at a meeting here today voted
unanimously to strike with tho four
brotherhoods Sunday morning. J. B
Abney, division chairman; in making
the announcement, said tne rtriko or-
der would bo mailed Thursday unless
a settlement is reached by the railroad
labor board at its hearings in Chicago.
The entire Texas & Pacific would be
affected, Abney said. Six hundred
and fifty telegraphers are employed
by the road.
Catholic Priest
Lured From Home
and Shot Dead
Washington, Oct. 26.—Repeal of
tho excess profits tax as of next Jan.
1 was made certain today with the
adoption by tho senate without a rec-
ord vote of a provision In the tax re-
vision bill providing only for its col-
lection this calendar year. The pio-
vtsion adopted is a substitute for the
excess profits section of the existing
law.
Before accepting the original provi-
sion In the bill the senate voted down
4 2 to 31 an amendment by Senator
[teed of Missouri proposing that for
11121 and thereafter the excess profits
tax be'20 per cent on the net Income
of corporations) between 15 per cent
and 5# per cent on the Invested cap-
ital, and 40 per cent on the net in-
come In excess of 50 per cent. Six
republicans Joined with the solid
democratic minority in supporting the
amendment. The senate also voted
down, 42 to S3, another amendment
by Senator Reed proposing that excess
profits tax be 20 per ccnt of the net
income In excess of 50 per cent of the
Invested capital. Eight republicans
■uipportcd this amendment and one
democrat, Glass, opposed.
(Associated Press Dispatch )
Lead, S. D„ Oct. 20,- The body of
Father A. B. Belknap, rector of St.
Patrick's cathedral here, was found
early today on "Poor Man's Gulch"
highway. Just out of the city limits.
A bullet from a large caliber revolver
had pierced 1.1s heart. Tho priest
had been lured to his death by a man
who a few minutes before h id ap-
pealed to Father Belknap to come
with him to administer the last sacra-
ments of the church to a sick man.
Tonight the authorities of Lead
were without a cluo to the identity' of
tho slayer.
Toncy Bertoleno, v.'ho lives near
where the crime was committed, re-
ported to the police he heard several
shots, probably five. Other residents
of the vicinity also said they heard
shots.
When the authorities reached the
scene the road was closed off and a
guard was placed nearby to that
tracks and trails would not be ob-
scured pending a removal of blood-
hounds.
Bishop Lawlcr declared tonight
that Father Belknap had no'enemles.
Bishop I.awler said the priest never
had received any threats.
"I can conceive of no reason for the
murder of Father Belknap," Bishop
lawler said.
[
DECLARES RAIL HEADS TRYING
TO SMASH ORGANIZED LA-
IU)R UNIONS NOW.
(Associated Press Dispatch )
Cleveland, Ohio, Oct. 20.—Warren
S. Stone, president of the Brotherhood
of Locomotive Engineew, in a state-
ment made public here today, asserts
that tho brotherhoods "are fighting
for their very existence" and warned
that if they are des royed, "radical la-
bor .organizations are sure to spring
up to take their i laees within a few
years or perhaps months."
"I/Ot us assure you, however," Mr.
Stone said, "that this overthrow Is a
long way from an accomplished fact."
Mr. Stone also asserted "that the
most powerful forces in deciding this
railroad c ntroversy is the force of
public opinion."
Mr. Stone said the railroads "with
characteristic cunning" have made it
"appear that the brotherhoods have
prcclpflatcd the whole trouble," and
then reviewti various events leading
up to the authorization of the strike.
"The executives made it plain," he
said, "that they were through with
collective bargaining, except so far as
the railway wage board might be use-
ful in lending force and sanction to
their designs. Informally, the air wa
filled with talk that 'now ls the time
to.smash the unions.'"
(Associated Pre:s Dispatch,)
Washingtotn, Oct. 20.—The house
of representatives was up in the air
tonight over the method of proced-
ure tomorrow on a resolution calling
for the ousting of Thomas L. Blanton,
democrat, of Texas, notwithstanding
a statement by Representative Mon-
dell of Wyoming, the republican lead-
er, that it would be called up.
In the face of the plea for repub-
lican and democrats alika for a reso-
lution providing only /or severe con-
demnation and censure, Mr. Mondell
declared he would not turn back.
"The resolution to expel Mr. Blan-
ton for causing to be printed in our
highest government publication of of-
fensive and obscene matter," said Mr.
Mondell, "will be called up at noon
tomorrow. Mr. Blanton will be given
an hour In his own defense. Four-
fifths of the republicans will vote for
his expulsion. I expect apout two
hours of debate on the resolution,
which cannot be amended or put aside
for a substitute and I believe it will
bo adopted."
There were claims, however, by
some republicans and democrats that
the two-thirds necessary to expel
would he lacking and for that reason
they urged a resolution of ccnsure.
Those Insisting upon the latter course
asserted that the resolution of censure
calling also for a public rebuke by the
speaker, would be put through with
few if any dissenting votes.
Returning to Ills seat in the house
late today, Blanton made an attempt
to speak, but was prevented by a par-
liamentary situation in which the
charges against him were in no way
affected. After looking over the rec-
ord for a few minutes he talked with
Speaker Oillett, who assured him that
he would be given an opportunity to
address the house tomorrow before It
voted on the question of his expulsian.
Then whi*-he found that he would be
unable to obtain the floor during the
afternoon he went away, but refused
to make a public statement.
Some of the facts relating to the
publication of Blanton's "extension Of
remarks" were revealed to members
today by Mr. Mondell, after confer-
ring with the public printer. The
Texan had been given the right by
the house to print a speech on the
government printing office, which was
not made on the floor.
INJUNCTION 10 BE
THAT HINT UNOFFICIALLY GIVEN
IN ORDERS TO FEDERAL
ATTORNEYS.
Nezro Barricades
Himself in House '
to Resist Arrest
(Associated Press Dtppntch.)
St. Joseph, Mo., Oct. 26.—A. M.
Hall, a desk clerk, was killed; Thomas
Johnson, chief of detectives, probably
fatally wounded, and Clay C. Mac-
Donald, chief of police, and Edward
Eads, a detective, were slightly
wounded here late today In a gun
fight with Carlos Henderson, a young
negro, who barricaded himself in a
house and was later shot to death hy
a large crowd of police and former
service men. The negro's body was
riddled with bullets. Ho was killed
after the fire department had set fire
to the house where he was biding
The shootings followed attempts of
Detectives Eads and a companion to
arrest the negro, whom th?y suspect-
ed of having committei
(Associated Press Dispatch.)
Washington, Oct. 20.—District At-
torney Clyne of Chicago was designat-
ed today to represent the department
of Justice at the conference of west-
ern district attorneys to be held with-
in the next few days to discuss the
government's plan of action In the
event of a railroad strike. Date for
the conference has not yet beon set,
officials said, J)ut it will probably be
held In Kansas City .
Mr. Clyne, It was understood, would
bring to the attention of the western
attorneys the Debs case as "he basis
for the government's proposed action
in the event of an emergency. The
supreme court decision in the Debs
case is held by officials to have estab-
lished the right of the government to
secure an Injunction against Interfer-
ence with Interstate commerce and the
passage of the malls independently of
any statute especially authorizing sucb
proceeding.
The case arose in 1894 when Eugen*
V. Debs and 49 others were restrained
upon suit brought by the government
from obstructing operation of inter
state trains into and out of the clt>
of Chicago. The Injunction, officials
said, continued up to 1898, >vhen It
was dismissed on motion of the gov
Three Deaths in
Tropical Storms
Noted in Florida
(Associated Press Dispatch.)
Orlando. Fla., Oct. 26.—Three
known deaths have resulted from the
tropical storm that swept across the
peninsula of this state during the last
two days, according to a four page is-
sue of the Tampa Tribune, printed at
Plant City early this morning and
reaching here at 11 o'clock.
The newspaper said a number of
Tampa families were rescued by boats
and that the offico of the Tampa
Times was unroofed.
Persons arriving here today from
Tampa said that late yesterday water
covered Bay Shore boulevard to a
depth sufficient to cover the electric
light posts. Railroad traffic between
here and Tampa was completely shut
off today by fallen telephone and
telegraph poles along the tracks.
Rig Decrease In Exprtrts.
(Associated Presi Dispatch.)
Washington, Oct. 26. — Exports to
Eufope during September fell off
about $31,000,000, as compared with
August, while imports increased by
approximately $4,001,000. according to
foreign trade figures Issued today by
the commerce department.
Imports from South America dur-
ing the month increased by about $6,-
000,000, while exports remained prac-
tically unchanged.
Daring Jewelry Theft Staged.
(Associated Press Dispatch.)
Los Angeles, Cal., Oct. 26.—Jcwelr>
said to be valued at $60,000 and an
automobile In which Sam Ilurwlts, a
salesman, was conveying It from one
retail jeweler's establishment to an-
otliei for exhibition purposes, were
stolen here today by two men who
Jumped in the car and drove away
Immediately after Hurwiti hs*'
stepped out of It at Sixty-first street
ind Moneta avenue.
(JOVBRNMKXT KOKWMST
East and west Texas: Tliursd.i)
(Associated Prers Dispatch.)
Chicago, 111., Oct. 20. The- govern-
ment will make Its final attempt to
prevent the threatened general rail-
road strike tomorrow morning at 9
o'clock, when presidents, general
chairmen and executive committees
>.t the five train service unions meet
liertt at a conference reported to have
been arranged at the instigation of
the United States railroad labor board.
The board's Investigation of tho
causes of the strike threat ended ab-
ruptly at 8:30 o'clock tonight when
the five unios leaders asked permis-
sion to make an announcement to
their men and then called tomorrow's
meeting.
Union leaders tonight said that the
meeting tomorrow had been called at
the suggestion of Ben W. Hooper, vice
chairman of the board, and tnat they
expected him to personally present a
final proposition from the board. Mr.
Hooper refused to confirm or deny
that. Judge R. M. Barton, chairman
of the board, said that Its decision on
todays hearing might be rendered to-
morrow and certainly would be forth-
coming by the next day.
Each of the presidents of the five
transportation groups said, however,
that the prospects for a settlement
"Certainly were no better than they
were this morning" while two went
farther, declaring that "the cloudg
were darker than ever."
Proposals to lie Made.
It was understood that the board
would make the following proposals
to the unions tomorrow:
That the unions suspend or call off
the strike ordered for next Sunday as
based on the wage cut made last July,
pending decision by the board on fur-
ther wage cuts or any revision of rules
which the employes fear the roads will
ask. The roads have already an-
nounced their Intention of seeking a
10 per cent wage cut for the train
service men in addition to the 12 per
cent slash of last July, Many roads
have indicated a desire to abrogate
time and a half for overtime, also.
Attitude of Men.
Throughout the hearing today, the
the union leaders insisted fear of
changes in rules and fear of further
wage reductions had influenced their
men in voting to strike. The board
ls understood to be preparing '-0 urgs
that this fear of something which may
happen In the future is not sufficient
grounds for a strike and that the men
cannot lose anything by waiting for
those decisions to be rendered.
The unexpected ending of ths
board's hearing after little more than
an hour had been devoted to taking
testimony of the railroad side followed
a series of whispered conferences
among the union leaders.
Situation Is Uncertain.
Whether the proposal which the
board ls expected to make tomorrow
can prevent the strike was a question
no union official would comment on.
Throughout the hearing today they
reiterated their previous declarations
that they could not call off tha strike
unless a "satisfactory" settlement
was reached and they defined such a
settlement as revocation of the wage
cut of July 1, payment to the men of
the wages they have lost as a result
of the cut, and a promiso by the roads
not to seek further wage reductions
or changes in rules for stated period*.
Could Cull off Strike.
Most members declined to comment
on the union meetings to be held to-
morrow, but others pointed out that
the general chairmen, grand officers
and executive committees who will bs
In attendance have the power to call
off the strike without reference to any
other body.
Houston, Tex., Oct. 26.—So greatly
improved are conditions over the lines
of the International & Great Northern
railway where 600 trainmen have been
on strike since noon Saturday, that
Thursday will witness a modifying of
the drastic freight embargo clamped
on at the beginning of the strike, nl4
E. O. Goforth, general manager of ths
road, this afternoon, adding that six-
teen freight trains were moved oa
the system during Wednesday. Bll
switching crews were working In ths
Houstan yards, three at San Antonls
and others at Mart. Palestine, Seller
Junction. Taylor and Laredo.
On the other hand the striking
trnlnmen con' nd that Houston Is ths
only point on the International ft
Groat Northern system #here ths
allroed officials are putting forth s#
i determined effort to operate any*
thing like regular switching servies
and that In some yards engines are
Upcoming Pages
Here’s what’s next.
Search Inside
This issue can be searched. Note: Results may vary based on the legibility of text within the document.
Tools / Downloads
Get a copy of this page or view the extracted text.
Citing and Sharing
Basic information for referencing this web page. We also provide extended guidance on usage rights, references, copying or embedding.
Reference the current page of this Newspaper.
Ingram, Charles W. Temple Daily Telegram (Temple, Tex.), Vol. 14, No. 335, Ed. 1 Thursday, October 27, 1921, newspaper, October 27, 1921; Temple, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth468207/m1/1/?q=%22%22~1: accessed July 15, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu.; crediting Abilene Library Consortium.