Texas State Gazette. (Austin, Tex.), Vol. 2, No. 35, Ed. 1, Saturday, April 19, 1851 Page: 2 of 8
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H '' "S Mgpiijpl.'. . APRIL 10
"1 JiKl blAl.jxAM ... flctiaftlUt New hi tillMibg$ W e'xtfe froln$M fVT BUiS todividnatas n'very art of .licitation-.?MSS-WEa
sdl?n T y&lHAMgTai A9BFg ? .lEaSto.- ?? OL.. .... AS.Jfe-- n.I U.w r kiraMI Uppott ; npeveW moon) to thejpiunotic1 .pafsibiiB of thojtfeoplc re-
. .I rjt i n n .i I'll ; A u a jk UYi"fWvVKuJ.uv'.Hv "Jv iu uuiiu&uuviv wilvilJ"c"to vrirV5ri.' 3
Fm 1 EnasgrrTrgy cd tho iac? w
Wm .'. SB. JB- TErJSSlw.. 3P&-flP .W ' rmtimt nf infttwa'ftVlH..-i RinfnStkliniltft7oi.1r.tit Mm
as?
iiwsMmm
SStr SjW! i 1 i .. i'l-1 1T T. IrtttafiM 1
iWd-BflWIOil!U li uiiiiuiiu;u .uiuiiv. ... ... .--.
XJlS?HtfrWilMioxt Aigun cloqlioh.
cd
gationot jiisuctritr-tne Stnteieitoitludopt 1
fc&dlfbfs'ttt the-fate it was available toiler.
ns iHtt fl$ laitMort ispt a CfllitJulioMer Qf--tlIe)jt tfhpfvqulcl!1B i
irttns a cwdidaV ''liot'dhtTwho 'would 'not receive twice tbldtlie snmvhichitk!
JiiWR'utlibiTisoclUn 'anrfounco &pr.? mrjf a eafBMfcfl'.
( - . Tift IilMlieWHMiifcrr T 'J''
NVAn..il.MHi.ltA rimlbunofytofdrOr S: 6iu.w 3 "HfqWidUntji fof
iawni-GtocWwrat.tlitiosiAit'joctt
in
in u.mv imttiw .. -...--- - - ...' '
i-rT :-i:....Jj''A...L!J:.t. dm fanawno.CKin Ji"
iortewwi'"'"''"'rw" ." "it-.TV" . -- . u - s-t
TWSSttfilfor !sea't0'Tiioitic'tlM p.h. athius ttarb ijwiihrioji
.ilfci
for
riiii.i.Y?i-r-.tlle rH4WHC BieJiJM.vwBwf ... i j.v 1
SwW. l..J;.CjiJj' lld-ttnn.'.HT MT. WihLiAMaNas aicaniUOato
HWO.MO BStmwwmi' rw f " ?-5 -?.-'".- . ' V V? T "- 1 -vv'"
SlSftaM-Oov!ri5r at tKo ensuing AjigW cioduoiu ".jh .
n0si5olcCjonto represent tho Wcitcfijt-DtftHot oCTbiaia.lli3TCon-
irfeakof thoJJnitqiV Stfttcfe - ' ;v-
dldiiolK'wutog August 4.eaiiif. .W wrMoirt tile 6serti District of
"SVrothorieatO nrinbUnco N PaVrftf &aC. b
. dfdlLT!Tcpe"8enHii) Wdstem'DhaiotflfjtljU Swo-Uj Co
rGtttV"ostdri. As" a bnii-'1
origross
'MwlM. rttVK'nvpittn.
countvvwa rJUdfiWM tUo cnsnlng-V"Ktttd?i4?-T!Jtdfcl9V
WnVo'nuTli'orlzeiJJi bnnounco tirt.yh wjir J3. HwvAtfona a oahdWntd;;rft
.i..."-...ti... .AiV;&t'!ratent'!ftrt.tt. tenWsent tho Wdstorn Cbnjtrcssiotial DiB-.nct
-ri-PEj. l.T-.VIST!niWVc!f of lliii UMitfea.StateS;
-'Hy'aro'authoHvtb'S' t'atinDuricapt Stjr'A' tfosnv-lio jirtswnClilof-.GlerktJnho'GofiofalUnaonlcc-aia
cnndldato fo'fC(timiftt6jicro Ac General;
!C'ali3c at tIio:oi)smng'0SCUotKlnAhgustl - -
4 -mmkxo niHhbiizod tp annonWpol. to Vm. to a a cmidHlato fe
r iffiSce of Cymm(hner of the Cttncrd Xnrfofcattho chsumg August lec-
'.tiortr 1 1. . .
ctytliaridWejat Bio approitcWng Agpst. dlcctiquj for.f $
Wo aro authorised to announce tho. lion. M. A. Dopi.iiT. of Now BnuinfrlJ a
a candidate for Judgt of tlio-Seeond Judicial District at thoAngust; clcotibn.
"Wo aro otttbojiMdl&W6Ufmfeto: m a enndi-
datoof ?ho SecpndJD.Smatje net Aitgmt election.
' Fr the SttLiJKcuiatlirje. . -!.-. .... i
at tho
"nan rC
rtM 011 in rr A tltTtint OlUOllOll. tu ruuzuuiifciiw vwmm v v.a m w- ww .-
la..rt -rto--v--. ;-r;T?--rj '.( t- i'. ".'.'' 1 t. J .It. . ..k-jk
nSffif'effiritntlVrSorUio'ncXt l.egi8Wturo. ' - .
wfflfeteavflsl' "watf!!ffi5fM -A?ISPrt..4iJl
a. uuuu -tiiiy 3 j - '. t . - .. ii. :; ' Ji ' ni..:un-U' r.j.-.t.if-;.i.isitni.
" GenonUElJvARD iKLESON)iai mo carnoai souunwuuji- uA ' -uwunw ...
coiwritbclto;tfecorAq a f aadidato tq;rcprostintj HijtUrtjnoxt'Lc'gtijrthaSonay
aiWPW0 .conh'tW of lni?tJTafi& .
SVo-aro anUiorized)b announ?o. Josei'h I-EsqM rts a cunthdntd to reprqcnt
goWty bfravfa ih4llQ lower Houso of fhoext Lcgftlaturu; ' '
iiOrowtk f-iilii. i ' v
icomtirinv with' tinfIoyor wa WoVasUoyifsWoilifcwaHflwr oft?
oetay; for rjJopJ.qlMC ttt?
Sncepjly; tii&p a-(thaitirQ nqw inippgref thd-rusult pf vtIiblL
waj5ro($t.'gmufying. jnco.tli&'eaiQ 9 ipjs ).n jastajccemnrvevwerG
aaro.tSatfspijri.tuuusualdctivttyiwas obJorvaldo ampng qix m
oifttnitTftiid buaiiicBS xn?ii?Jnt wc had noidejt'of tho vpst. impravB
iSiHWiSS j)tStiW&s' mdhilisihjjro haVo Men completeil or ard
jSv.ittonrsb' ht cro6Udf d?ly residences
iSf;-'!'..fCiurf6J'contct4vtll aiftihtiii H?f.;RtQ-to imr?onev
hkwr'4$thcrosana dblltkrv T AtnongHlwrioes.owtniQtcd forf.ard
abjporaHalllfpr'Moopoji
a1fpirtitttel ffe ipUltl.ferftylle'afebnc
.VMvore" hlligrrtealoj vtgrc o Avar k 0gtt$n $
strfupf Urtjcilx pmhtetved. qndor th?8UpcrSntej.id6n.Mpf oitr-etfcr
prSXaj?6r aiid'Cwlncil. A&iiiwt'Jlb'eoirto
and levelling of I3oi$ d'Arc street froiTCj'gifeSVeWtte oitihiTcs 6asf
and the work commenced b trwclmip of ourinost ene'rgc-
t.cjjitizens Tho 3V$ayor also jQforrjia itthat'tlio .proposals for bids
lcnS Do foBd'ui anPthpr4&Jbo alreUv &AA for
frnrrVinriCQnc:rO(8 AvcniiQ in itAjWJLKKtont as well .tiotljer 'prihftinal
'whichitfcjfet.
ButVo'jirEi'toldf"' that this rcdso.niWwiU not do; avo must not re
gard it as a matter of jlbllarS oiid bents' ; we mtist reflect that the
CI .t..i -r i '? . . i .' 1 v ... 1 1 1 . . -
luiHiuiuun 01 u unive Hpumguynyijiepeop'P isinvoiveu aim inaiiio
act must bo.dpne to fix.itpph.it a stain. This now-born zeal for the
lienor of the State "had it been timely had been well" but at this
day is sp transparent a trick as to provoke no sentiment .litt thattof
deliberate contempt. If the operation of tho -scheme of payment pre?
ppsptl.Jjy the tatc would in any case result in individual injury we
could not rogarcV it a3:foir;xbjiV0i.vqiitureithe ussertion without "the
ifear of contradiction that there b not OO.poO'pf the i ebt held by
individuals who have paid within 25 percent of the rate at which by
lajviuis audjt'ed.- . " .
'WeHibd'WmdgTeed1 tobe pid tiiiprb.imate3 td a. rbasribld' re
lation to U)o-value of the thing.purchased courts ofjustjco' do notj
assurnp. the pgwer of relieving the debtor .fr'pm the burthen of his pljli-
gatioii ; Uut when it is onorniously disproportionate to such value
they will nottleud themMve.s tothe qnforcementto.O such a contract.
In morals-tljere is jio.differenpe between the inau who exacts usurious
interest from hjs neighbor and hirh. who extorts for his necessities
'tw.ic'etfhc valupj. of -the thing ho is able to sell ; arid in all the States of
tins.'phi0nJin alniot eyety.civiirzp'd'jcouutry on the.'glpbe there exist
stringent penhl' enactments against usury founded uponnveirestab-
lished principles of justice and Sanctioned bytlte lughest considera-
tioug of public polioy. But as law's arc eijaoed with a view tp their
uhivorsaJ'APPcation it is irhpossible so to frumethjem-vaso provide.
agaihst'iSvery dishonest act of man. This to some extent is andces-
sary imjperfectionVJnUaws and in consequence we everywhere-mec:
this anomaly m legislation Theusurer who has exacted ten instead
of six per cent from In debtor is 1scQUtcdwun contempt from the
forum of justice but he who has extorted from and oppressed him
far mbre.Jiianotlertifjjrmvis afforded he.epiTpJe test remedy. He
must be ah" astute moralist indeed-' whb can make injustice of the one
and justice of the other. ...
! It has bepn said aiid repeated again and again tlult .this debt of
fTexayaSithe pride ol;he4Independenee tbat4t;.isfof. atiyancjjs made
to hetfn flie struggle wiilfMexiooV This is. a slender current truth
.w'itlV'yakt margin pf falsehood. Aftpr tile battle of .San Jacinto
.t - t - . . n- . .
Texas' was-in rtbdreadj as she reallyw.as.innp danger of the.power of
MoxicP ; and the debt created up tp that'. jeriod' dm'nP&ie'kCeed tvo
millions of dollars and the great bulk of our presentdebt had no more
-age'tiqy in securing her success than the debt of !Englnnd. Between
Texas and those vto-whose:Piliidenqe;:andvliberaljty she was indebted
up to that period there exists -no .difficulty; all that.mpnoy can pay
of what she owes them she is ready to discharge. There is another
cJass of 'creditors now thinned byv the. ravages of time disease 'and
pbverty who came to our rb" cue in tlie hpurof sorest travail who
did hot " view the battle fron afar" but-mingled in its fie?pest strife
anil besides these thpre aro the widows aiid.brptiahi of "those who
perished in hor brief but bloody conflict whose blood sunk into thc
heaving sods ofj.Qpliadrand. whoidied wjthTrayisiiiuthe unsurrendered
Ajamp-ii-tovriuQ merits Texas will. neveiJiproye inscnsilile oridwlipsp'
ola'itBhojtld'bp ho? 'first dvityo'guUnraltd protect. '" l
But between the State of "leisas and her bpn& holders par excel
ttficGVhQ 'purchased1 up lier debt in the streets and highways; and by
their influence m Congress procureutiie insoition.ofa'provisp for their
protection against thc dishonesty of Texas there exist ho pquities'be-
yond a naked obligationjfctp'do. '.justice'jfiiThiSjmuoh she is bound and
ought to do ';mor6-vould;;involyj:' injustice tp arjpjher and a more
mcritprious class of creditors. ''.
WS concur" fully with the Ncitis in the opiniori?that the iriflueur?e6f
our creditors was felt in the passage of the PparceJblll and that the
obligation of Texas to pay her debt has nothing to do Yvith the i'titer-
ested mptives or corrupt'flu'encerS' whichcseeurefd? its passage. But
the termsbf" th 'bill has nPti'd'eprive"d us of the rlghfpft determining'
f6r ourselves what wb'owearifl' the mature aiidiiliaractcr of thedebt
alhd ifwpdppt a spheniebf ;p'ynie?it or a modotpfscertainirig-yjit
wo owe wo do what no onohas the right .to gainsay. Aiif if that
scheme proposes tp pay thtJMftfli'-valuei ofwha't we realized we stand
in no fear' -o'f "being regarde'd as obnoxious to the charge Pf repudiation.
i' ...ygSia'JTi
.issiuns ot incipe
fbrted toUcRgbtain tlimr aid. ' ' tf . jBr
ilhtefFB5fwolJP -p insuincento net wanting eippwuere oisnoii aim porwcriiu fctntes
'T 9HW' k ? " i:.ii.:Si..i.. ...rflV f .iSJ. i.0.o!!lll tlfE l
principle 'Of 'paying hbf ecuuii5"j".ui;uu .!." - y nri"i'V""u """i iiupwu.
Bv theaddtMion'ofithis' uurmg Mie war wuieujiui;uriii wwwiuwigwus uucnueu .wiui
- ...... . . -i "... ...... r tf..iA t.. ....ki! i i
injured! aTevouuion in uie uovmuhwui ui ouuuua uu siii'iieiwmciiwerp
.pbtainea lor tne l'rencn army in mac province were paiti jor.m mux
fof'csphnngO'.and certificates; this papor depreciated and Was ;bought
up .principally Ify; British'mQrcliahtsi :.Byatrcatyvwith Great Britain
it was agreed by .rancp tljat the paper oiight to bq redeemed and
admitted by Great Britaiu thap it sliould be redeemed at a stipulated
rate. This article was parried .intp. effect: bv ministers iof tho two
courts who reduced thc paperu. tliCjhands f; British holder? in sou.o
iust'nnces as much a? 75 per ceut. below its nominal value. Great
Britain who has been held up tohworld as a motlel of reproachless
national 'honor found iu 17i5 het Piyll .list 500000 in arrearsv iler
cfedjtbrs wliohad furnlslijid supples' to tli(j GpV'ehimeht recoivqd in-
stead of money debentures from respectable Offices. These . having
Lgrcatiy depreciated wbro hi some instances assigned ; in othersj cov
enanted to besigne'J When Parliament appropriated funds .for satis-
fying these arrears a'utf inserted anVxpressJprbisloVln.th.o act thi.t
the" creditors .who had' been obliged by the default of the Government
tcdisppsopf their aper at a loss might redeem it from tlie qssignees
by repaying the rictual pVice with an iniere'st Of six per cent ; and
that all agreements.aud covenants to assign should ;be absolutely void.
This act goes very far beyond any thing whjch ye propose to do;
yet -ve arq no informed that Great Britain has .suffered in "reputation
hi-.cpnsecni'e'nco. If so it'has interfered but slightly with her prosper
ity or her progress to greatness. Besides this she has in more instan--ces
than one after' lb'aus were pbtaihed tit certain stipulated rates and
the money received -arbitrarily reduced the rates of interest. Her
creditor ere'-. no doubt as restive as those of the U..ited States were
under.the act bf 1700 aiid" those of Texas .under the' arrangement
lyliich she has proposed buC were ho inove ablo to arrest it than the
Phe yere add the others will be. Mr. Jefferson Mr Madison and
many of tlie pjiresV Statesmen and patripts of the Bevolutjon Ayere in
"favoj?of maliihg a disbrimination between different debts by the ac-
knowledgement of some at one rate .and others at another ; and Mr.
Hamilton himself was the autlipr of the scheme which "we have seen
so bitterly complained of by .the .creditors and we have tho consolation
of knowing that if Aye erronthis subject wb err in ' company with
the wisest and best of thosp who have gone before us.
TheUhitod 'Stated G6Vernment by the actpf .reserving five 'millions
of tnejsumtagree&'tpsbop'aid to-Texas; has-notwecpneeivefbound
herself for the payment of the particular debt intended to be secured.
We must vastly enlarge tho meaning of language before we can safely
arrive at such a conclusion The holders of 'this debt are no parties
to the arrangement and havcnutcr it no vested right. The proviso
m
Wi
tit w? mt. 'desirable ptatp of. iipproyjj'noiijt. . . . . i'be
uUiiaotJnll theSPimpwiousiciroumstancest.wcUtppo soba tc seaAusi
tlnfWtt'Quly'tho h&om'esad riids pleant?btVu Toxas; butin:nlli
." ...iT. a -
iiWi
tlfeo'utlwi qonnttye-'Worfliy in' jtamttrnwil adornments' ttfbtf -thfitpry
TODM:0SWwmI raJ 9frcH??;v95pjan ihpr Ju.o(
0gfwfiie.o)Mhy I?iv )toh??.sopherrecthig
lmvfe reside ucas On U19 Ubiglits appQsiteltinl.ifuU vv of ths
aWmh'eir.Jorniing' & most be'aVitiful jiiJjd'iutejretHjiteighhorhoodi
iAwniPf'K' J-''-' - ' '' yw t'.n v v
The United States'tGdyqr'nmetii'it8lf hiSw6tdpd us an exaniplpl that it shall remain pledged;fpr4"irb pdymenti
of a proceeding in reference to 'her public "tjebt savoring as ranklv;ot The iYe5fexpr5seBshoToiiinibiVthat'
T-nni'ifVihf?nnvYiRiifi Wdlilfl ha'i 'Vihtl VQ do'irOt SOiJ'What ithhS'Sllffftred lvivor r.n ratlin tronenrv nf rPnvnS liiit i
. ' WJB ' ... .
In 1790 that Govcrnmfcht
broad appointed trustees to purchase up
re jin rparlipt so'long a$u-. might continue
ju reputatipn or credit in consequence
alter ooraimng a louii 5iffirffi"
their debt atthorice it pore
low it? nbrninar'vaUio ; aiiitoho fppbrjtgf'the agent of' the"se -trustees
'shows that it was bought up at from sixi.to Uyelve shillnigs on the
pound.. In refereucp to hp-act of Gongrjss under which the publio
debt of thp HiWdSa'siwai8ef'fors a memorial
communicated to tioQifflie(S6tU5c$ifi6iJr'l790 use the fol-
if'p' a?hC6toradd Presbytery 'of tlib '3utrtberlatdQ?rfibyfefiau'
Church Held ression. at La.Granga wvcej;bcfprp last. We learinrbm
vl jnembeltpfit)it1mt the session -.was ft.hamioniousjand pIcasai;toric.
'r"zt 3T7J"i :rLz ZT l n v 'U a kA- ii lMtt "'T if v
'gV WlfyvSW'w?y.iWTf" wmuVv KM ' um'S"i-
mi ti'.i HjBtexttaw i '.i. : ri am .; ut
iWHWWI
akWMLaP
f.-vrii.- TJi-4'k'jiv.vri-l-i. ........ ima K..in.i -j-t 4 ir:. -l
lowing language
" Fow men aro" weali enough to deny tho lthporneb qfjpnblio credit : and
fewer still in oppophio-.t to the presont habits. nndppiriij!4oitha rorla nie
jold nfygh to ?&il it with tUo nnkojarm pf forea4 HSnpmtiistlxat jiz oyory
instaiioo.otirnodov"ri .violation of tho .ongageinents of a pp.vprhmontjjsomQ.
ninii;!ilr?rMTt rvr nin ini1in-.l lnrn. lias illwavsMiiVm sllcVtrfistml -tn fnnnrn
Iho uftvnry prtteuaptivatb tho necessitous. Jlut th& roiuienjenjtf.ofjjj&ji; arU
camiot nafliatp thatnotiveii in whiohthoy originate nor avort tho consequences
'that are hiovitably produced; for jiistiep.Togurding thp substance not tho form
yill lmrdJyjih"iejmiiiatjjT)etwceht tho aot by which m t(lo plonitudo of power
b'VMlfpnl?uc)airlvt peremptorily: lojbctod; and that by 'wliiTj through
tho mcaTutnf enuryvor fear an mue'aSQnablo oWiceSslbrt is olanduntinoly 6b-
talnedi"' ' ' ' :- '
.'iThis was. thV opinion of the crpditdrs 0(310.103 in regajd
ipiu ixjouu oi euiuiuueiiv wiugii wuuijuufcuujuiuu uiey ceru(imyvvere
Bti"'
eie befb.rc its adoption. Had" the United States irovernni6'nt: bbn.
ceived itself bpund for these debts or have intended by this pro'v.isono
acknowledge such an obligation we cannot doubt but that it would
havp beenicouched jn very different terms. Herurtiose up doubt
was to strengthen as much as possible Hie position of tliesfi'crc(litor
and secure herself not against auy liability to pay them but against
their annoyance which it was in their power to make almost as oner-
ous. How can anyone eSiWtairi the "opinion tU? tho United State
was bound to pay tliat' portion of '''the debt of Texas secured by a
pledge of her revenue when a moments reflection must convince ns
thLaflli3TeaJbain6ited'to jiis'npthiiig at ali. v 'Texas iriighVan'y
day have abblisheulierHyhplP systeiYi'lif revenued'uties'on imnosts.
and have thus destroyed the very system out bf which this security
was created. Since annexation the government of the United States
has paid over to Texas money duetto iior and wiu8h was known to
;be dcrivedjfrom this vbr'y sou'ree;' Why did she not retain this in her
olvliUaff sa1illftibhWaC -
Was a single dollar itenved'froni Uiis source ever appropriated by
Texas to the-payment of thisttleb.'Vyas asingle creditor of this class
ever fyipwntlp present lihnsplfbi'theipurposglof.akiug.it Did the
Congress of Texas-over hesitatP .to1 appropriate it; for any purp'ose or
in 'any manner which it thought proper? " 'The credi'ors of Texas of
no class ever looked to .her .revenues' tfpr the payment of their debt
amounting iu the aggregatplo Jess that.1 00p(jb"it would Have been
matchless stupidity to have donesp. The public domain was the only
gourde fo'm vl'iiehr tlipy qpuld.ever reasonably have expected re-irh-bnrsement
; and in the articles of annexation It is expressly stipulated
of our debt.
tlielreserve'difiyoXinillions will
:n n;nn..nii..'i ;i .
a&4iar..5S?v ' A" 'w """"J1 " !'" uvui iu
the preferred crcditoiFby'tlie ytiitftPSfate-'Thlscan never be done
until tho compact between Teas'ttnd til? United States is essentially
altered. There is nowhere to bo .found huhc proposition for the pur-
chqse of tho claim of Tcxa? anything approacjiing.to n-vight pn the
Lpart' of the Uiiitcd States to-pay one dollar of tho reserved sum to any
1 other-one than Texas. It is cxpresslv provided tlmt. until n Anrtn;
'act be Prformed. tlimjuey. is tpremaiii'injtlje hands of the Govem-
mQ!ii ll9.piiigl States When this w doiio the money is to be paid
to Texas: but no sort "pf prJvlion1s''madolforits belh!g Vi'd?t&&iy
hreditors on any(Cohtingehcy.! TliisconstrtictioiV'fs'heldy Mr. Cor-
win h)uiself iiMiik4 lW tp Mr.'Shaw ' "That Congress pb&essWtl.o
power tbdo this without the bouciurenco of the Statb'of Texas we
do not suppose willk iiisistedHipifGythe editor of the News for we
have always recfogniSeu hfhim an able advocatcTor.StatelBJights "faitli
ful when all beside weroPfa'ithless"." " "-' -'
frp- The Hon. W. B. Oohiltueb is out aS aoahdidatofprC.pj3grcs
in tho Easterhstj Judge' O; is A ;MiiV aftti 'an ftble'nud inllucn-
tial ohb and as thero are ni lcss;than Jive dombcratic-candidates.. in
tne new lie stands come ( jghuneo .of an. election" Some of our demb-
cratjc c'ptemporarics inhat't?itr1c?5aikinglf a Conventidjft "to
t. .. .W'Sfii ff4K4K'vVl .. P itf
iU21gtH "T-" W i;uuiu4tior mcsuemoRt;aiSjf jpf ayfltqjugigar.'
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Brewster, H. P. & Hampton, J. W. Texas State Gazette. (Austin, Tex.), Vol. 2, No. 35, Ed. 1, Saturday, April 19, 1851, newspaper, April 19, 1851; Austin, Texas. (https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth80975/m1/2/: accessed June 2, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, https://texashistory.unt.edu.; crediting The Dolph Briscoe Center for American History.